CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LOPHOCEREUS SCHOTTII: A MEXICAN MEDICINAL PLANT.

Lophocereus schottii is a Mexican cactus known as garambullo whose bark is used for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, ulcers, sores, stomach disorders and tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of bark of L. Schottii. To assess these effects we established a flow of experiments in a model of BALB/c mice murine lymphoma. We value first survival of mice inoculated with 2 × 104 L5178Y murine lymphoma cells, orally treated with 10 mg/Kg of the extract for 10 consecutive days; the second assessment was to determine the influence of the immune system, we carry out studies of lymphoproliferation in mice with the same conditions of the previous study, only that the treatment was for 22 days before the completion cell cultures; the third study was to establish the cytotoxic effect of extract of L. schottii using different concentrations, by murine lymphoma cell cultures and splenocytes from healthy mice and finally we assessed the effect in vivo of extract of L. Schottii in a model of solid murine lymphoma inoculating 1 x 107 lymphoma cells in the gastrocnemius muscle observing the development of the tumor. We observed that oral treatment of 10 mg/kg of extract of L. schottii increased survival rate in treated mice; additionally, an intratumoral injection of 50 and 100 mg/kg in a solid murine lymphoma located in the gastrocnemius muscle, allowed a significantly slower tumor evolution. In vitro studies determined that extract inhibited 63% of lymphoma cell growth. With these evidences it is feasible to scientifically validate that ethanolic extract of L. schottii had an effect on L5178Y murine cells lymphoma and could have the same effect in human tumors

Figurative language processing in atypical populations: the ASD perspective

This document is protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. It is reproduced with permissionThis paper is intended to provide a critical overview of experimental and clinical research documenting problems in figurative language processing in atypical populations with a focus on the Autistic Spectrum. Research in the comprehension and processing of figurative language in autism invariably documents problems in this area. The greater paradox is that even at the higher end of the spectrum or in the cases of linguistically talented individuals with Asperger syndrome, where structural language competence is intact, problems with extended language persist. If we assume that figurative and extended uses of language essentially depend on the perception and processing of more concrete core concepts and phenomena, the commonly observed failure in atypical populations to understand figurative language remains a puzzle. Various accounts have been offered to explain this issue, ranging from linking potential failure directly to overall structural language competence (Norbury, 2005; Brock et al., 2008) to right-hemispheric involvement (Gold and Faust, 2010). We argue that the dissociation between structural language and figurative language competence in autism should be sought in more general cognitive mechanisms and traits in the autistic phenotype (e.g., in terms of weak central coherence, Vulchanova et al., 2012b), as well as failure at on-line semantic integration with increased complexity and diversity of the stimuli (Coulson and Van Petten, 2002). This perspective is even more compelling in light of similar problems in a number of conditions, including both acquired (e.g., Aphasia) and developmental disorders (Williams Syndrome). This dissociation argues against a simple continuity view of language interpretation

Comparative Management Structure and Institutional Performance in Rural Banking Institutions

There has been a growing interest in the rural financial sector mainly due to the ongoing reforms in the financial system that is headed towards a more liberal stance by allowing increased free play of private incentives in financial markets. Utilizing the survey of rural, development and commercial banks, this paper show that in general, an analysis of the organization and management structure is necessary before one attempts to understand and evaluate the different characteristics and performance of rural financial institutions.rural credit, financial sector, banking system, rural banks, rural sector

La delincuencia organizada trasnacional en méxico: su control a partir de un enfoque preventivo con intervención en jóvenes pandilleros /

 tesis que para obtener el grado de Doctorado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, presenta Norma Elizabeth Villanueva Saldaã‘a; asesor José Antonio Murguía Rosete249 páginas : ilustracionesDoctorado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales UNAM, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 201

Ecophysiological Traits May Explain the Abundance of Climbing Plant Species across the Light Gradient in a Temperate Rainforest

Climbing plants are a key component of rainforests, but mechanistic approaches to their distribution and abundance are scarce. In a southern temperate rainforest, we addressed whether the dominance of climbing plants across light environments is associated with the expression of ecophysiological traits. In mature forest and canopy gaps, we measured leaf size, specific leaf area, photosynthetic rate, and dark respiration in six of the most abundant woody vines. Mean values of traits and their phenotypic change (%) between mature forest and canopy gaps were predictor variables. Leaf size and specific leaf area were not significantly associated with climbing plant dominance. Variation in gas-exchange traits between mature forest and canopy gaps explained, at least partly, the dominance of climbers in this forest. A greater increase in photosynthetic rate and a lower increase in dark respiration rate when canopy openings occur were related to the success of climbing plant species. Dominant climbers showed a strategy of maximizing exploitation of resource availability but minimizing metabolic costs. Results may reflect phenotypic plasticity or genetic differentiation in ecophysiological traits between light environments. It is suggested that the dominant climbers in this temperate rainforest would be able to cope with forest clearings due to human activities

Atenciones debidas a patología reumatológica en el Servicio de Emergencias del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (Lima, Perú) durante el periodo Enero 2012-Junio 2014

Objetivos: Evaluar las causas más frecuentes de atenciones por patología reumatológica en el servicio de emergencias de un hospital pediátrico peruano de tercer nivel.Pacientes y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo mediante la revisión de la base de datos y registros del servicio de emergencias del hospital, correspondientes al periodo comprendido entre enero 2012 y junio 2014, seleccionándose las atenciones debidas a patología reumatológica. Los datos fueron procesados mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 16.0.Resultados: Durante el periodo evaluado el número total de atenciones en el servicio de emergencias fue de 133484, correspondiendo 835 casos (0,63%) a diagnósticos reumatológicos segúnla Clasificación Internacionalde Enfermedades 10° (CIE-10). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron hombres (450, 53,08%) y la distribución por grupos etáreos fue: 1-4 años 327 (39,16%), 5-9 años 251 (30,02%), 10-14 años 158 (18,98%), mayores de 15 años 68 (8,11%) y menores de un año 32 (3,77%). Las 5 primeras causas de atenciones reumatológicas, de acuerdo al CIE-10, durante este período fueron: artritis reactiva 173 casos (20,72%), dolor en articulación 168 (20,12%), púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch (púrpura alérgica) 107 (12,81%), artritis séptica (artritis piógena) 89 (10,67%) y mialgias 77 (9,22%). El número de atenciones por problemas reumatológicos se mantuvo estable a través del tiempo, siendo de325 a345 casos por año.Conclusiones: Las atenciones debidas a patología reumatológica en el servicio de emergencias de un hospital pediátrico terciario como el nuestro son frecuentes y estables durante el transcurso del tiempo. Una adecuada evaluación inicial y un apropiado periodo de seguimiento aseguran un correcto diagnóstico y un tratamiento eficaz. Los pediatras que trabajan en el área de emergencias deberían estar capacitados en reumatología pediátrica