Gender differences in behavioral regulation in four societies: The United States, Taiwan, South Korea, and China

The current study investigates gender differences in behavioral regulation in four societies: the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Directly assessed individual behavioral regulation (Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders, HTKS), teacher-rated classroom behavioral regulation (Child Behavior Rating Scale, CBRS) and a battery of school readiness assessments (mathematics, vocabulary, and early literacy) were used with 814 young children (ages 3–6 years). Results showed that girls in the United States had significantly higher individual behavioral regulation than boys, but there were no significant gender differences in any Asian societies. In contrast, teachers in Taiwan, South Korea, as well as the United States rated girls as significantly higher than boys on classroom behavioral regulation. In addition, for both genders, individual and classroom behavioral regulation were related to many aspects of school readiness in all societies for girls and boys. Universal and culturally specific findings and their implications are discussed

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Expert scientific studies at INRA: understanding the issues underlying requests

In 2002, Inra included collective expert scientific studies in its areas of competence – agriculture, environment and food – in response to public policy issues mainly arising in the Ministries of Agriculture and Ecology. The governing principles of the exercise, set out in Inra’s Charter on expert scientific studies, were formulated on the basis of prior experience, as were the procedures built up to guarantee the quality of the studies. This article describes on the first phase of the process, which is decisive in terms of the relevance of the work undertaken. For the experts, the task requires an understanding of the context, the issues and the reasons for the request, while the decision-makers have to understand what they can expect from an approach that sets out to analyse and compile knowledge within the time allotted to the exercise.L’Inra a mis en place en 2002 une activité d’expertise scientifique collective dans ses domaines de compétences – agriculture, environnement, alimentation – pour répondre à des questions d’action publique, portées principalement par les ministères de l’agriculture et de l’écologie. C’est sur la base de l’expérience acquise qu’ont été formulés les principes qui encadrent l’exercice et qui figurent dans la charte de l’expertise scientifique à l’Inra, et qu’on été construites les procédures de conduite qui en garantissent la qualité. Cet article s’attache à la phase initiale du processus, déterminante pour la pertinence du travail, consacrée à l’instruction de la question d’expertise et à sa traduction de la sphère de l’action à celle de la recherche. Pour les experts, il s’agit de saisir le contexte, les enjeux, la logique de la commande, et pour les décideurs, de comprendre ce qu’ils peuvent attendre de la démarche d’analyse et d’assemblage des connaissances dans les limites de temps assignées à l’exercice

Collective scientific expertise at INRA : a tool for decision making and dialogue between science and society

National audienceSince 2002, the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) has carried out collective scientific research (ESCo) to answer questions raised by the French government authorities in relation to agriculture and society. A final report and executive summary are published in order to be integrated in a decision-making process. The ESCo process consists in analysing international scientific publications by a group of experts in order to establish the state of scientific knowledge, highlight uncertainties and consider controversies, transparently and impartially. A charter institutionalizes this method and determines its rules. For each ESCo, a group of experts from different disciplines and research organizations in France and other countries is constituted. These experts are scientists of excellence with relevant expertise. A declaration of interests should always be signed by each expert in order to guarantee his/her impartiality, which is crucial to the credibility of such exercises. INRA information specialists are involved in ESCo to collect international scientific publications from various information sources (WoS, PubMed, specialized databases). Numerous rounds of interactions between information specialists and experts are necesary to define keywords and refine searches. During a second step, grey literature is provided to the experts. An Endnote database is created and shared by the group. Information specialists provide support to experts by providing documents and formatting the bibliographies in the final report. Experts should analyse all the publications harvested in order to extract, discuss and assemble relevant elements, and to provide multi-disciplinary approach answer to the issues raised by French government authorities. The scientific expert report is posted on the INRA website in open access whereas the executive summary is published by Quae.Depuis 2002, l’Institut National pour la Recherche agronomique (INRA) réalise des expertises scientifiques collectives (ESCo), en appui à la décision publique. L’exercice consiste à répondre à une question complexe posée par un commanditaire public en établissant, sur la base de la bibliographie mondiale, un état des connaissances scientifiques pluridisciplinaires qui fait la part des acquis, des incertitudes, des lacunes et des controverses. L’analyse est réalisée par un groupe d’experts dans une démarche de transparence et d’impartialité. Une charte précise la méthode, l’éthique et les règles de l’exercice. Pour chaque ESCo, un groupe d’experts de différentes disciplines et institutions est constitué. Ils sont tous choisis pour leur expertise et leur excellence scientifique. Une déclaration d’intérêt doit être signée par les experts pour garantir leur impartialité, ce qui est fondamental pour ce genre d’exercice. Des documentalistes spécialistes de l’information scientifique sont mobilisées dans l’exercice d’ESCo afin de rechercher et collecter des publications dans différentes sources internationales (WOS, PubMed, bases spécialisées). De nombreuses interactions sont nécessaires entre les experts et les documentalistes afin de définir les mots-clés et valider les équations de recherche. Dans un 2ème temps, de la littérature grise est communiquée aux experts. Les références scientifiques sont rassemblées dans une base Endnote qui est mise à la disposition des experts. Les documentalistes apportent un appui aux experts pour la fourniture des documents et la mise en forme de la bibliographie dans le rapport final. Les experts doivent analyser l’ensemble des publications scientifiques afin de dégager les points pertinents sur le sujet et construire un document apportant une approche multi-disciplinaire sur la question posée. Le rapport d’expertise est diffusé en libre accès sur le site web de l’INRA tandis que la synthèse, destinée à un public plus large, fait l’objet d’une publication par les Editions Quae

Les comportements alimentaires. Quels en sont les déterminants ? Quelles actions pour les faire évoluer vers une meilleure adéquation avec les recommandations nutritionnelles ? Les conclusions de l’expertise scientifique collective conduite par l’INRA en 2010

International audienceAlthough public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that dietary behavior can be affected by information strategies combining different tools and targeting individuals or specific groups.This article sets out the conclusions of the expertise report which draws on nearly 1,600 scientific articles from around the world and was prepared by some twenty experts from fields as diverse as epidemiology, nutrition, sociology and economics

Les comportements alimentaires

Although public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that dietary behavior can be affected by information strategies combining different tools and targeting individuals or specific groups. This article sets out the conclusions of the expertise report which draws on nearly 1,600 scientific articles from around the world and was prepared by some twenty experts from fields as diverse as epidemiology, nutrition, sociology and economics

Les comportements alimentaires. Quels en sont les déterminants ? Quelles actions pour les faire évoluer vers une meilleure adéquation avec les recommandations nutritionnelles ? Les conclusions de l’expertise scientifique collective conduite par l’INRA en 2010

International audienceAlthough public policies have for many years spearheaded information campaigns about how eating affects health, rising obesity rates show that the expected effects have yet to be achieved. Why consumers do not practically comply with nutritional recommendations? This question lead the ministry in charge of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries to require in 2010 an updated state of knowledge for peer-reviewed literature and to commission INRA to undertake a collective scientific expertise on dietary behaviours. The aim was to investigate the multiple determinants of behaviours and how behaviours form and change in individuals according to social class and age, but also collectively over a long period of time. The expertise reports that the consumer is subjected to different environmental stimuli which can bias opinion and that dietary behavior can be affected by information strategies combining different tools and targeting individuals or specific groups.This article sets out the conclusions of the expertise report which draws on nearly 1,600 scientific articles from around the world and was prepared by some twenty experts from fields as diverse as epidemiology, nutrition, sociology and economics

Douleurs animales en élevage

Quels sont les mécanismes physiologiques à l’origine de la douleur ? Tous les animaux sont-ils susceptibles de ressentir la douleur ? Avec quels outils et sur quels critères évaluer les douleurs ? Quelles solutions pour prévenir, limiter, soulager la douleur de ces animaux ? Cette expertise scientifique présente un état des connaissances scientifiques sur ces questions et propose des pistes de recherche pour éclairer le débat sur les relations l'animal et la société