Cofradías y ciudad en la España del siglo XVIII

<p>RESUMEN: Las cofradías son una creación de la religiosidad popular muy arraigada en la España del Antiguo Régimen, tanto en el mundo urbano como en el rural. No obstante, en las ciudades tuvieron su máximo desarrollo y su manifestación más acabada. En este artículo se estudian las cofradías de las principales ciudades españolas, utilizando la información de una gran encuesta realizada por el gobierno durante el reinado de Carlos III. Aspectos como las diferentes devociones religiosas que fomentaron, o su presencia en parroquias y conventos de órdenes religiosas son analizados. Se presta una gran atención a los rasgos específicos de las cofradías urbanas: presencia de los grupos privilegiados (nobleza y clero) y de las elites sociales, importancia de los gremios, creación de nuevos modelos de religiosidad, protagonismo de las cofradías en el culto y fiestas públicas, así como su actuación respecto a los marginados.</p><p>ABSTRACT: Confraternities are a popular religious creation well established in early modern Spain both in urban and rural areas. Nevertheless, it was in the cities that they had their main growth and they achieved a more perfect status. This paper considers the status of confraternities in the main Spanish cities, according to the report enforced by the government during the reign of Carlos III. Some topics as different religious devotions, in parish churches and monasteries, are analyzed. The paper pays attention to specific features of urban confraternities: privileged people (the nobility and the clergy) and social elite, the weight of guilds, the creation of new religious patterns, confraternity realizations into the worship and the public holidays, as well as their activities with regard to the underprivileged.</p

Female Sanitary Assistance in the end of the Ancient Régime: The Hospital of "Caridad y Refugio" in Granada

Para cubrir las necesidades asistenciales de su población, la ciudad de Granada se dotó tras la conquista de una importante red hospitalaria, que se mantuvo en líneas generales durante toda la Edad Moderna, pese a los intentos de reducir hospitales de Felipe II, o la creación del Hospicio General en 1753. Situándola en este contexto hospitalario, este artículo analiza la asistencia sanitaria dispensada en el hospital femenino a cargo de la Hermandad de la Caridad y Refugio. Con fondos procedentes de su rico archivo se lleva a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de la asistencia prestada durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, analizando aspectos tan interesantes como ingresos de enfermas, procedencia geográfica y social, edad, estado civil, número de hijos, mortalidad en el hospital, así como de las principales enfermedades que dieron lugar a las hospitalizaciones. Sus resultados matizan algunas afirmaciones tópicas acerca de la mala calidad de la asistencia sanitaria durante el Antiguo Régimen.The city of Granada equipped itself with an important hospital network in order to take care of its population’s assistance needs. Said network was maintained throughout the entire Modern Ages in spite Felipe II’s attempts at reducing the number of hospitals and the creation of the Hospicio General in 1753. This article analyzes the sanitary assistance provided in a women’s hospital under the Brotherhood of Caridad y Refugio. A quantitative study of the assistance provided during the second half of the eighteenth century is performed using documents from its ample archive, and including aspects as interesting as the admission of the sick, their geographical and social origins, ages, marital status, number of children, the mortality rate in the hospital, and the main illnesses that caused hospitalizations. This work’s results nuance several topical affirmations about the overall lack of quality of sanitary assistance in the Ancien Régime

Las cofradías y su dimensión social en la España del Antiguo Régimen.

Sin resume

High resolution method for measuring Brillouin spectrum scattering in special optical fibers

An experimental setup and a method to obtain the Brillouin scattering spectrum (BSS) out of optical fibers are proposed. The setup is described and experimentally validated by developing the measurement of the Brillouin spectral distribution of a birefringent microstructuted optical fiber. The setup here proposed is based on a Brillouin ring cavity that uses the fiber under test as the active medium. The measurements are obtained in base band by beating the Stokes wave with a reference wave that is taken from the optical pump. The data can be obtained with high resolution frequency

Latin American Production on Gender Violence on Scopus, 2010 -2019

The study describes the characteristics of publications on gender violence written by authors affiliated with Latin American institutions, in journals indexed to Scopus during the period 2010-2019. A descriptive and retrospective analysis of 2,568 articles is carried out. Latin American scientific production represents 5.3% of world production. Brazil is the country with the highest production, followed by Mexico and Chile. Latin American scientific production has been published in 572 journals. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva (Brazil) is the journal with the largest number of publications, followed by Cadernos de Saude Publica (Brazil) and Journal of Interpersonal Violence (United States). besides, the authors are mainly affiliated with the Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, followed by the Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Finally, the keywords, domestic violence, intimate partner violence and gender violence present an increasing trend of studies since 2016. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen and stimulate the generation and dissemination of scientific studies by Latin American researchers

Fostering the valorization of organic wastes into carboxylates by a computer-aided design tool

The carboxylate platform has the potential to constitute an outstanding opportunity for converting organic wastes into chemicals and other value-added products within a circular economy framework. However, its development is still hampered by technological and financial constraints due to difficulties at forecasting the carboxylates yields by different wastes. This work provides a framework that can be the key to foster circular economy and bridge the development risks, allowing early-stage evaluation of process performance. This framework, which is implemented as a computer-aided design tool, is comprised by: (i) a library of substrates including their characterization and appropriate kinetic parameter selection, (ii) an integral kinetic and stoichiometric model which solves both identified gaps regarding the disintegration mechanisms and the acidogenic stoichiometry variability in the anaerobic mono and cofermentation of complex organic wastes, and (iii) a set of indicators to interpret simulation results and assist the decision making; and presents a showcase of applications supported by two case studies. These case studies show that the optimal conditions to steer VFA spectrum towards odd-chain VFA in MCF of regrind pasta are neutral pH (6.5–7) and a relatively low HRT (3–4 days), while cofermentation of tuna canning wastewater and regrind pasta follows interactive mechanisms that cannot be captured by a “naïve approach”, i.e. by adding up the individual contributions. Finally, it is discussed how value chain actors with different interests can benefit from the proposed tool: identifying technical, economic, and environmental bottlenecks, and proposing innovative solutions prior to costly lab research and pilotingThis work has been financially supported by the USABLE Packaging project (Call: H2020-BBI-JTI-2018, EU ID: 836884). A. Regueira would like to acknowledge the support of the Xunta de Galicia through a postdoctoral fellowship (ED481B-2021-012). The authors belong to a Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC ED431C 2021/37). The programme is co-funded by FEDER (UE)S

Concurrent Validity and Reliability of Two Portable Powermeters (Power2Max vs. PowerTap) to Measure Different Types of Efforts in Cycling

[EN] The purpose was to assess the concurrent validity and reliability of two portable powermeters (PowerTap vs. Power2Max) in different types of cycling efforts. Ten cyclists performed two submaximal, one incremental maximal and two supramaximal sprint tests on an ergometer, while pedaling power and cadence were registered by both powermeters and a cadence sensor (GarminGSC10). During the submaximal and incremental maximal tests, significant correlations were found for power and cadence data (r = 0.992–0.997 and 0.996–0.998, respectively, p < 0.001), with a slight power underestimation by PowerTap (0.7–1.8%, p < 0.01) and a high reliability of both powermeters (p < 0.001) for measurement of power (ICC = 0.926 and 0.936, respectively) and cadence (ICC = 0.969 and 0.970, respectively). However, during the supramaximal sprint test, their agreement to measure power and cadence was weak (r = 0.850 and 0.253, p < 0.05) due to the low reliability of the cadence measurements (ICC between 0.496 and 0.736, and 0.574 and 0.664, respectively; p < 0.05) in contrast to the high reliability of the cadence sensor (ICC = 0.987–0.994). In conclusion, both powermeters are valid and reliable for measuring power and cadence during continuous cycling efforts (~100–450 W), but questionable during sprint efforts (>500 W), where they are affected by the gear ratio used (PowerTap) and by their low accuracy in cadence recording (PowerTap and Power2Max).S

Physical exercise, detraining and lipid profile in obese children: a systematic review

Introducción. El desentrenamiento es la pérdida de las mejoras obtenidas por el ejercicio físico/entrenamiento tras su cese, aspecto poco estudiado en población infantil obesa. Así, el propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos del desentrenamiento sobre el perfil lipídico (HDL, LDL, colesterol total y triglicéridos) en niños obesos. Población y métodos. Los estudios fueron recuperados mediante la búsqueda en siete bases de datos. Dicha búsqueda se limitó a programas de ejercicio físico de, al menos, ocho semanas de duración y su desentrenamiento, y se evaluó el perfil lipídico de niños obesos. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE), sus intervalos de confianza del 95% y la heterogeneidad de los estudios a través de la Q de Cochrane (modelo de efectos aleatorios). Resultados. Cinco estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron seleccionados para su revisión (n= 330). En general, los resultados intragrupo (postest vs. desentrenamiento) mostraron que, tras el desentrenamiento, el nivel en sangre del colesterol HDL (TE= 0,12) y el colesterol total aumentaron (TE= 1,41). Del mismo modo, los resultados intergrupo (grupo experimental vs. grupo control) confirmaron el aumento del colesterol HDL tras el desentrenamiento (TE= 0,49). Conclusiones. Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que el desentrenamiento tras un programa de ejercicio físico no genera una pérdida significativa de los beneficios obtenidos sobre el perfil lipídico de los niños obesos. No obstante, debido al número de estudios analizados y a la heterogeneidad observada en los análisis y en el tiempo considerado como desentrenamiento (de 12 a 48 semanas), se requiere un mayor número de estudios de calidad para obtener resultados más concluyentes.Introduction. Detraining is the loss of improvements obtained through the participation in physical exercise/training after training cessation, an aspect that has been poorly studied in obese child population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of detraining on the lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides) of obese children. Population and Methods. Studies were collected through a search across seven databases. The search was limited to physical exercise programs that lasted, at least, eight weeks and the corresponding detraining, with an assessment of obese children lipid profile. Effect size (ES), 95% confidence intervals and study heterogeneity were estimated using Cochran’s Q test (random effects model). Results. Five studies complied with the inclusion criteria and were selected for review (n= 330). In general, intra-group results (posttest versus detraining) indicated that, following detraining, blood levels of HDL cholesterol (ES= 0.12) and total cholesterol (ES= 1.41) were increased. Likewise, inter-group results (experimental group versus control group) confirmed the increase of HDL cholesterol following detraining (ES= 0.49). Conclusions. The results of this systematic review suggest that detraining after a physical exercise program does not lead to a significant loss of the benefits gained in relation to the lipid profile of obese children. However, given the number of analyzed studies and the heterogeneity observed in the analyses and the period defined as detraining (12 to 48 weeks), a higher number of well designed studies is required to obtain more conclusive results

Multi-zone temperature sensor using a multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber ring laser

A simple system for sensing temperature in multiple zones based on a multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser ring is presented. Optical fiber reels are serially concatenated and divided in zones (one per sensing area). Setting the Brillouin lasing in each spool of fiber generates a characteristic wavelength that depends on the fiber properties and the temperature in the zone. Thus, it is possible to measure temperature independently and accurately through heterodyne detection between two narrow laser signals. The proposed sensor integrates the temperature along the whole spool of fiber in each zone. These real time measurements were successfully checked in our laboratory