El surgimiento de China: Una visión desde América Central

Este estudio trata sobre el impacto del surgimiento de China en las economías centroamericanas, con especial énfasis en Guatemala y Honduras. Generalmente, la temática del impacto de China se la enfoca desde el punto de vista de las amenazas que se ciernen sobre las economías de América Central sin reparar que también el rápido crecimiento y la gran apertura de la economía china presentan nuevas potencialidades que pueden ser aprovechadas por los países de la región. Este estudio presenta análisis y recomendaciones para afianzar las ventajas competitivas que ya han desarrollado los países de centroamericanos, particularmente en el sector vestuario-textil, y otras que se vislumbran como posibles, de frente a los desafíos que enfrentan por parte de la fuerte competitividad de las industrias chinas. Pero también aborda cómo aprovechar las nuevas oportunidades que ofrece el mercado chino para las exportaciones de bienes y de servicios turísticos de la región, así como también las políticas que se necesitan para comenzar a atraer inversión directa desde ese país.Desarrollo y crecimiento económicos, Inversión, Globalización e integración regional, Desarrollo empresarial, NFP

Análise do modelo de governança e gestão no Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – FNDCT

Dissertação (mestrado) — Rede Nacional em Propriedade Intelectual e Transferência de Tecnologia para a Inovação, Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Propriedade Intelectual e Transferência de Tecnologia para a Inovação, 2022.O Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (FNDCT) foi criado em 1969, com o objetivo inicial de dar apoio financeiro aos programas e projetos prioritários de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico. A instituição dos Fundos Setoriais, a partir de 1997, impulsionou o FNDCT na direção de ampliar e estabilizar o financiamento de projetos e programas de CT & I em áreas específicas. Entretanto, a partir de 2013, o contingenciamento e o baixo limite de empenho, geraram uma crise de recursos orçamentários e financeiros no FNDCT, agravada por fatores relacionados à governança e gestão. Para barrar o contingenciamento, foi promulgada a Lei Complementar (LC) 177/2021, mudando a categorização do FNDCT de contábil para fundo especial contábil-financeiro. Esse contexto foi norteador deste trabalho que visou elaborar uma compreensão mais apurada das implicações dessa mudança na governança e gestão do Fundo. Nesta direção, a pesquisa analisou o arcabouço técnico e normativo geral da LC 177/2021, buscando o entendimento dos conceitos da categoria de Fundo de Natureza Especial Contábil e Financeiro no qual o FNDCT foi enquadrado. Complementarmente a pesquisa mapeou e sistematizou as fragilidades existentes e apontadas nas avaliações do Congresso e nas auditorias do TCU e CGU, e que precisam ser consideradas na estruturação de um novo modelo de governança e de gestão do FNDCT. Para estruturar e analisar as informações coletadas sobre a estrutura de governança e gestão do Fundo, a metodologia da pesquisa foi desenhada como analítica-descritiva e qualitativa com o uso do método dedutivo e indutivo. Por fim, concluiu-se que para estruturar a incorporação dos novos conceitos e aperfeiçoar a modelagem da governança e gestão do Fundo seguindo as diretrizes da LC 177/2021, é altamente recomendável realizar uma revisão ampla na Lei nº 11.540/2007, assim como nas leis dos Fundos Setoriais, no estatuto da Finep, nas Ações Transversais e nas Diretrizes do FNDCT, para que o Fundo continue atendendo aos objetivos para os quais foi criado.The National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FNDCT) was created in 1969, with the initial objective of providing financial support to priority scientific and technological development programs and projects. The institution of the Sectoral Funds, from 1997, boosted the FNDCT in the direction of expanding and stabilizing the financing of CT & I projects and programs in specific areas. However, as of 2013, the contingency and the low limit of commitment, generated a crisis of budgetary and financial resources in the FNDCT, aggravated by factors related to governance and management. To stop the contingency, Complementary Law (LC) 177/2021 was enacted, changing the categorization of the FNDCT from accounting to a special accounting-financial fund. This context guided this work, which aimed to develop a more accurate understanding of the implications of this change in the governance and management of the Fund. In this direction, the research analyzed the general technical and normative framework of LC 177/2021, seeking to understand the concepts of the category of Special Accounting and Financial Fund in which the FNDCT was framed. In addition, the research mapped and systematized the existing weaknesses identified in the Congressional assessments and in the TCU and CGU audits, which need to be considered in the structuring of a new governance and management model for the FNDCT. In order to structure and analyze the information collected on the Fund's governance and management structure, the research methodology was designed as analytical-descriptive and qualitative, using the deductive and inductive method. Finally, it was concluded that in order to structure the incorporation of new concepts and improve the governance and management modeling of the Fund following the guidelines of LC 177/2021, it is highly recommended to carry out a broad review of Law No. 11.540/2007, as well as in the Laws of Sectoral Funds, in Finep's statute, in Transversal Actions and in FNDCT Guidelines, so that the Fund continues to meet the objectives for which it was created

Tensor envelopes of regular categories

We extend the calculus of relations to embed a regular category A into a family of pseudo-abelian tensor categories T(A,d) depending on a degree function d. Under the condition that all objects of A have only finitely many subobjects, our main results are as follows: 1. Let N be the maximal proper tensor ideal of T(A,d). We show that T(A,d)/N is semisimple provided that A is exact and Mal'cev. Thereby, we produce many new semisimple, hence abelian, tensor categories. 2. Using lattice theory, we give a simple numerical criterion for the vanishing of N. 3. We determine all degree functions for which T(A,d) is Tannakian. As a result, we are able to interpolate the representation categories of many series of profinite groups such as the symmetric groups S_n, the hyperoctahedral groups S_n\semidir Z_2^n, or the general linear groups GL(n,F_q) over a fixed finite field. This paper generalizes work of Deligne, who first constructed the interpolating category for the symmetric groups S_n. It also extends (and provides proofs for) a previous paper math.CT/0605126 on the special case of abelian categories.Comment: v1: 52 pages; v2: 52 pages, proof of Lemma 7.2 fixed, otherwise minor change

Equivariant embedding theorems and topological index maps

The construction of topological index maps for equivariant families of Dirac operators requires factoring a general smooth map through maps of a very simple type: zero sections of vector bundles, open embeddings, and vector bundle projections. Roughly speaking, a normally non-singular map is a map together with such a factorisation. These factorisations are models for the topological index map. Under some assumptions concerning the existence of equivariant vector bundles, any smooth map admits a normal factorisation, and two such factorisations are unique up to a certain notion of equivalence. To prove this, we generalise the Mostow Embedding Theorem to spaces equipped with proper groupoid actions. We also discuss orientations of normally non-singular maps with respect to a cohomology theory and show that oriented normally non-singular maps induce wrong-way maps on the chosen cohomology theory. For K-oriented normally non-singular maps, we also get a functor to Kasparov's equivariant KK-theory. We interpret this functor as a topological index map

A Tannaka Theorem for Proper Lie Groupoids

By replacing the category of smooth vector bundles over a manifold with the category of what we call smooth Euclidean fields, which is a proper enlargement of the former, and by considering smooth actions of Lie groupoids on smooth Euclidean fields, we are able to prove a Tannaka duality theorem for proper Lie groupoids. The notion of smooth Euclidean field we introduce here is the smooth, finite dimensional analogue of the usual notion of continuous Hilbert field.Comment: 47 page

2-Gerbes bound by complexes of gr-stacks, and cohomology

We define 2-gerbes bound by complexes of braided group-like stacks. We prove a classification result in terms of hypercohomology groups with values in abelian crossed squares and cones of morphisms of complexes of length 3. We give an application to the geometric construction of certain elements in Hermitian Deligne cohomology groups.Comment: 70 pages, latex+amsmath+xypi

Differential Tannakian Categories

We define a differential Tannakian category and show that under a natural assumption it has a fibre functor. If in addition this category is neutral, that is, the target category for the fibre functor are finite dimensional vector spaces over the base field, then it is equivalent to the category of representations of a (pro-)linear differential algebraic group. Our treatment of the problem is via differential Hopf algebras and Deligne's fibre functor construction.Comment: 24 pages; better structured Definition 2 and other statements of the paper; more examples; more detailed proof of Theorem 1

Pre-torsors and equivalences

Properties of (most general) non-commutative torsors or A-B torsors are analysed. Starting with pre-torsors it is shown that they are equivalent to a certain class of Galois extensions of algebras by corings. It is shown that a class of faithfully flat pre-torsors induces equivalences between categories of comodules of associated corings. It is then proven that A-B torsors correspond to monoidal functors (and, under some additional conditions, equivalences) between categories of comodules of bialgebroids.Comment: 34 pages, LaTeX file v2: Def 5.1 corrected v3: Examples added in Sec 3 and minor changes in the layout v4: Corrections in Lemmata 2.2 and 3.

Correspondences of ribbon categories

Much of algebra and representation theory can be formulated in the general framework of tensor categories. The aim of this paper is to further develop this theory for braided tensor categories. Several results are established that do not have a substantial counterpart for symmetric tensor categories. In particular, we exhibit various equivalences involving categories of modules over algebras in ribbon categories. Finally we establish a correspondence of ribbon categories that can be applied to, and is in fact motivated by, the coset construction in conformal quantum field theory.Comment: 129 pages; several figures. v2: remark 7.4(ii) corrected, conditions in theorem 7.6 and in corollary 7.7 adapted. v3 (version to appear in Adv.Math.): typos correcte

Flora vascular en el espacio público de Santiago, Chile

After an extensive two-year long research effort, the results document the diversity of vascular plants that grow in the public spaces of Santiago, Chile. We analyze the taxonomic composition, life-forms and phytogeographic origin of the vascular flora of Santiago and, finally, we compare the results with those of urban areas in the Northern Hemisphere. We identified 508 species, 100 families, and 338 genera. The families that showed the greatest richness were Asteraceae and Poaceae. We found that at least 85.1% of the species are exotic. The life-forms are similarly represented, although chamaephytes and geophytes are poorly represented. We conclude that the composition of the urban flora of Santiago differs from that of most Northern Hemisphere cities, due to the increased presence of exotic species, which is likely a consequence of the historical and cultural patterns of ornamentation. Therefore it is likely that this urban area would be an adverse environment for the establishment and development of native species.Los resultados documentan la diversidad de plantas vasculares que se desarrollan en el espacio público de Santiago en una investigación que se prolongó por dos años. Nosotros analizamos la composición taxonómica, la forma de vida y el origen fitogeográfico de la flora vascular y, finalmente, comparamos los resultados con aquellos de áreas urbanas del Hemisferio Norte. Se reconocen 508 especies, 100 familias y 338 géneros. Las familias que tienen mayor riqueza fueron Asteraceae y Poaceae. El 85,1% de las especies son exóticas. Las formas de vida están similarmente representadas, aunque las caméfitas y las geófitas están muy poco representadas. Concluimos que la composición de la flora urbana de Santiago se distingue de la mayoría de las ciudades del Hemisferio Norte por el mayor número de especies exóticas, que es probablemente una consecuencia de los patrones históricos y culturales de ornamentación, al tiempo que los espacios urbanos parecen representar un ambiente adverso para el establecimiento y desarrollo de especies nativas