Absorption foliaire des métaux présents dans des particules atmosphériques issues d'une usine de recyclage de batteries : biotest laitue

National audienceLes flux de polluants émis dans l'environnement ont été considérablement réduits en particulier par la mise en place par les industriels de système de filtres performants. Cependant les particules très fines et particulièrement réactives sont toujours émises dans l'environnement. De nombreuses études décrivent le transfert sol-plante des métaux mais très peu concernent la voie de transfert atmosphère plante. Pourtant, selon le rapport parlementaire de Miquel (2001), l'enrichissement actuel des sols en plomb provient pour 68% des retombées atmosphériques qui sont aussi interceptées par les plantes. Le transfert foliaire direct via des aérosols particulaires a été démontré pour des radionucléides (137Cs, 85Sr, 133Ba et 123mTe) par Madoz-Escande et al. (2004). Or les voies de transport des radionucléides et métaux sont aussi celles des "oligoélements" (Zn, Co, Mo, Cu) dans les plantes. C'est pourquoi il paraît pertinent de s'intéresser au transfert foliaire des métaux. De nombreuses questions scientifiques se posent en effet concernant le transfert foliaire des métaux. Est-il possible? Si oui sous quelle forme sont les métaux? Quels sont les mécanismes physico chimiques et biologiques impliqués? Quelle est l'importance de cette voie vis-à-vis du transfert sol plante ? Pour répondre à ces questions, le transfert du plomb et du cadmium vers les parties aériennes des plantes via le dépôt atmosphérique de particules industrielles riches en métaux a été expérimenté et modélisé

Avaliando o papel da aprendizagem socioecológica em governança participativa: construindo resiliência em seis comitês de bacias hidrográficas brasileiras

Brazil has embedded the socio-ecological learning process in the participatory management of river basin councils through its “sister laws” on water and the environment. GTHIDRO or, Grupo Transdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Governança da Água e do Território/Tecnologias Sociais para a Gestão da Água (TSGA), a transdisciplinary group of researchers at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, took these laws and developed new interpretations of socio-ecological learning. They incorporated an ethical component and a dynamic and complex program of participatory “cycles of learning” that brought committees and communities to a common understanding of socio-ecological processes, laws, and potential for collective action. Using resilience theory as a framework for understanding how to sustain and enhance adaptive capacity (Folke et al., 2002), this paper analyzes the processes of socio-ecological learning, including focus groups, physical dynamics that blend the conceptual with the physical, visioning, socio-ecological mapping, project planning and community celebrations through interviews, meeting notes, and written documents of the six case studies. The potential for socio-ecological learning as a tool for building the capacity of basin committees (Turvo, Ermo, Nova Veneza, Orleans e Braço do Norte in the southern part of the state, Urubici in the mountainous region, and Concordia in the middle eastern part) to plan and implement projects is substantiated as an important tool for building the resilience of the combined systems. The case studies indicate that their greatest achievement is the Strategic Planning Model for Sustainable Development, entitled PEDS, which diagrams how to improve the management core group’s capacity to plan and implement projects of their own design, using strategies they have learned and networks they have established in their watershed and state. While the potential for conflict over water and energy between the various economic sectors is strong in Brazil and elsewhere, with the GTHIDRO model the potential for collaboration on resource issues becomes even stronger. Observação dos Editores: O artigo foi publicado online em 16 de julho de 2014. Em 30 de julho de 2014, o arquivo foi substituído para inclusão de nomes de coautores.O Brasil tem incorporado o processo de aprendizagem socioecológica na gestão participativa dos conselhos de bacias hidrográficas por meio de suas “leis-irmãs” sobre a água e o meio ambiente. GTHIDRO, ou Grupo Transdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Governança da Água e do Território/Tecnologias Sociais para a Gestão da Água (TSGA), um grupo transdisciplinar de pesquisadores da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, abordou essas leis e desenvolveu novas interpretações de aprendizagem socioecológica. Eles incorporaram um componente ético e um programa dinâmico e complexo dos “ciclos de aprendizagem” participativos que trouxeram as comissões e as comunidades a um entendimento comum sobre os processos socioecológicos, as leis e o potencial para a ação coletiva. Usando a teoria da resiliência como uma estrutura para a compreensão de como manter e melhorar a capacidade de adaptação (Folke et al., 2002), este artigo analisa os processos de aprendizagem socioecológica, incluindo grupos focais, a dinâmica física que mistura o conceitual com o físico, a visão de futuro, o mapeamento socioecológico, o planejamento de projetos e celebrações comunitárias por meio de entrevistas, notas de reuniões e documentos escritos dos seis estudos de caso. O potencial de aprendizagem socioecológica como ferramenta para a construção da capacidade dos comitês de bacias (Turvo, Ermo, Nova Veneza, Orleans e Braço do Norte, na parte sul do Estado, Urubici, na região montanhosa, e Concórdia, no centro-leste) para planejar e implementar projetos está fundamentado como uma ferramenta importante para a construção da resiliência dos sistemas combinados. Os estudos de caso indicam que a sua maior conquista é o Modelo de Planejamento Estratégico para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, intitulado PEDS, que esquematiza a forma de melhorar a capacidade do núcleo do grupo de gestão para planejar e implementar projetos de sua própria concepção, o uso de estratégias que se aprenderam e as redes que se estabeleceram em sua bacia hidrográfica e em seu Estado. Enquanto o potencial de conflito sobre a água e energia entre os diversos setores econômicos é forte no Brasil e em outros lugares, com o modelo GTHIDRO o potencial para a colaboração em questões de recursos torna-se ainda mais forte. Observação dos Editores: O artigo foi publicado online em 16 de julho de 2014. Em 30 de julho de 2014, o arquivo foi substituído para inclusão de nomes de coautores

a PREVIEW intervention study

3706738). The Cambridge Weight Plan® (Northants, UK) kindly donated all low-energy diet products. This study was also supported by grants from the University of Helsinki, the Mary and Georg Ehnrooth Foundation and the Otto A. Malm Foundation.BACKGROUND: Low-energy diets (LEDs) comprise commercially formulated food products that provide between 800 and 1200 kcal/day (3.3-5 MJ/day) to aid body weight loss. Recent small-scale studies suggest that LEDs are associated with marked changes in the gut microbiota that may modify the effect of the LED on host metabolism and weight loss. We investigated how the gut microbiota changed during 8 weeks of total meal replacement LED and determined their associations with host response in a sub-analysis of 211 overweight adults with pre-diabetes participating in the large multicentre PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle intervention and population studies In Europe and around the World) clinical trial. METHODS: Microbial community composition was analysed by Illumina sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Butyrate production capacity was estimated by qPCR targeting the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene. Bioinformatics and statistical analyses, such as comparison of alpha and beta diversity measures, correlative and differential abundances analysis, were undertaken on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of 211 paired (pre- and post-LED) samples as well as their integration with the clinical, biomedical and dietary datasets for predictive modelling. RESULTS: The overall composition of the gut microbiota changed markedly and consistently from pre- to post-LED (P = 0.001), along with increased richness and diversity (both P < 0.001). Following the intervention, the relative abundance of several genera previously associated with metabolic improvements (e.g., Akkermansia and Christensenellaceae R-7 group) was significantly increased (P < 0.001), while flagellated Pseudobutyrivibrio, acetogenic Blautia and Bifidobacterium spp. were decreased (all P < 0.001). Butyrate production capacity was reduced (P < 0.001). The changes in microbiota composition and predicted functions were significantly associated with body weight loss (P < 0.05). Baseline gut microbiota features were able to explain ~25% of variation in total body fat change (post-pre-LED). CONCLUSIONS: The gut microbiota and individual taxa were significantly influenced by the LED intervention and correlated with changes in total body fat and body weight in individuals with overweight and pre-diabetes. Despite inter-individual variation, the baseline gut microbiota was a strong predictor of total body fat change during the energy restriction period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The PREVIEW trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01777893 ) on January 29, 2013.publishersversionpublishe

Gastrointestinal strongyles of ruminants : mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance and consequences on their management

The management of gastrointestinal strongyle infestations in ruminants relies mostly on anthelmintics. Only three chemical families are available, and gastrointestinal strongyles resistance is increasing. The resistance mechanisms are relatively well known for benzimidazoles (involving one gene with two alleles), whereas the genetic determinism of the resistance to macrocyclic lactones or imidazothiazoles (levamisole) is still poorly understood, but probably involves multigenic regulation. A double approach (candidate genes and transcriptomic) is proposed for levamisole resistance and the first results are presented. It is very important to understand resistance mechanisms to reduce their occurrences. Examples with benzimidazoles are presented to describe interactions between the type of genetic mechanism and the speed with which resistance appears and expands, the efficacy of selective pressure by treatments, and the role of refugia.La gestion des infestations du tube digestif par les strongles chez les ruminants est essentiellement assurée par les traitements anthelminthiques. Seules trois familles chimiques sont disponibles et des phénomènes de résistance à ces produits sont apparus chez les strongles gastro-intestinaux. Les mécanismes de résistance concernant la famille des benzimidazoles sont relativement bien établis (un gène avec deux allèles est impliqué), alors que pour la famille des lactones macrocycliques ou celle des imidazothiazoles (lévamisole), les déterminismes génétiques, encore peu connus, sont sans doute multigéniques. Une double approche (« gènes candidats » et transcriptomique) est proposée pour le lévamisole et les premiers résultats sont présentés. La compréhension des mécanismes d'action est très importante pour tenter de réduire l'apparition de résistance. Des exemples concernant les benzimidazoles sont utilisés pour décrire l'interaction entre le type de mécanisme de résistance et la vitesse d'apparition et de diffusion de la résistance, l'efficacité des pressions sélectives par les traitements et le rôle des refuges

A Protein Diet Score, Including Plant and Animal Protein, Investigating the Association with HbA1c and eGFR-The PREVIEW Project

Higher-protein diets have been advocated for body-weight regulation for the past few decades. However, the potential health risks of these diets are still uncertain. We aimed to develop a protein score based on the quantity and source of protein, and to examine the association of the score with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Analyses were based on three population studies included in the PREVIEW project (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World): NQplus, Lifelines, and the Young Finns Study. Cross-sectional data from food-frequency questionnaires (n = 76,777 subjects) were used to develop a protein score consisting of two components: 1) percentage of energy from total protein, and 2) plant to animal protein ratio. An inverse association between protein score and HbA1c (slope -0.02 +/- 0.01 mmol/mol, p <0.001) was seen in Lifelines. We found a positive association between the protein score and eGFR in Lifelines (slope 0.17 +/- 0.02 mL/min/1.73 m(2), p <0.0001). Protein scoring might be a useful tool to assess both the effect of quantity and source of protein on health parameters. Further studies are needed to validate this newly developed protein score.Peer reviewe

La coccidiose chez les poulets domestiques : revue sur les stratégies de prévention et de contrôle

La coccidiose aviaire est l'un des défis les plus importants et les plus persistants auxquels est confrontée l'industrie avicole mondiale, entraînant une baisse de productivité due aux dommages intestinaux causés par le protozoaire apicomplexe intracellulaire Eimeria. Le cycle de vie d'Eimeria est complexe, caractérisé par des stades intra- et extracellulaires. Le stade intracellulaire induit une réponse inflammatoire en partie responsable de la formation de lésions tissulaires, des hémorragies diarrhéiques, une mauvaise croissance, une sensibilité accrue à d'autres agents pathogènes et, dans certains cas sévères (E. tenella et E. necatrix), une forte mortalité. Une bonne gestion sanitaire est indispensable pour prévenir la coccidiose chez les poulets. L'administration d'anticoccidiens dans les aliments peut également réduire efficacement l’intensité de l’infection par Eimeria. Cependant, leur utilisation à grande échelle et sur une longue durée a entraîné le développement de résistances à ces additifs dans le monde entier. Des vaccins vivants non atténués et atténués ont été développés mais ils présentent certaines limites. En plus des méthodes conventionnelles de prévention et de contrôle, les produits phytogéniques émergent comme alternative pour contrôler la coccidiose aviaire. Les recherches en cours sur la sélection génétique et des vaccins recombinants et sous-unitaires sont prometteuses pour la prévention, mais leur efficacité et leur adoption dans l'industrie avicole restent à démontrer. De plus, comme alternatives aux coccidiostatiques, des stratégies utilisant des extraits naturels sont plus acceptées par les consommateurs et sont de plus en plus étudiées. Cet article présente donc une vue d'ensemble de l'impact économique de la coccidiose chez les poulets sur la production et aborde les stratégies intégrées de la santé pour contrôler la coccidiose chez les poulets