Composição em ácidos graxos de melaço de cana-de-açúcar e de leveduras

Lipid extract and fatty acid composition of cane molasses and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae M-300-A and Saccharomyces uvarum IZ-1904) grown in molasses medium were determined. In molasses, linoleic acid was found in higher levels (around 42%) and was followed by palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids. The lipid extract varied from 1.02 to 3.13 gkg-1. In yeasts, the level of lipid extract varied from 16.65 to 31.12 g.kg-1 (dry matter basis) depending on the molasses type and yeast species. Both yeasts were able to incorporate fatty acids from molasses' and therefore linoleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids found in them.Foram determinados o extrato lipídico e a composição em ácidos graxos de melaço de cana-de-açúcar e das leveduras (Saccharomyces cerevisiae M-300-A e Saccharomyces uvarum Iz-1904) multiplicadas em meio fermentativo de melaço. Nos melaços, o ácido linoleico foi encontrado em maiores quantidades (cerca de 42% do total) e foi seguido pelos ácidos palmitic o, oleico e linolênico. O extrato lipídico variou de 1,02 até 3,13 g.Kg-1. Em leveduras, o nível do extrato lipídico variou de 16,65 até 31,12 g.kg-1(com base na matéria seca) e foi afetado pelo tipo de melaço e da espécie de levedura. Ambas as leveduras foram capazes de incorporar ácidos graxos presentes no melaço e portanto os ácidos linoleico e palmítico foram os principais ácidos graxos encontrados nessas leveduras

Composição em ácidos graxos de peixes comercialmente importantes do Brasil

Total fat and fatty acid composition of seven fresh-water and nine marine fish commercially important in Brazil were determined. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid in both freshwater and marine fish. In the fat from freshwater fish the total C-16 fatty acids were higher than in marine fish. Oleic acid was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid and it was found in higher levels in freshwater fish. The data revealed that most freshwater fish from Brazil examined were a poor source of eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids. Of the marine fish analysed, only sardine and manjuba could be recommended as a good sources of n-3 fatty acids.Foram determinadas a gordura total e a composição em ácidos graxos de sete espécies de peixes de água doce e nove espécies de peixes de água salgada, comercialmente importantes do Brasil. O ácido palmítico foi o ácido predominante dentre os saturados tanto nos peixes de água doce como salgada. Na gordura dos peixes de água doce, o total de ácidos graxos com 16 carbonos foi superior aos de água salgada. O ácido oleico foi o mais abundante dos monoinsaturados e foi encontrado em maiores níveis nos peixes de água doce. Os dados revelaram que a maioria dos peixes de água doce são fontes deficientes dos ácidos eicosapentaenóico (20:5) e docosahexaenóico (22:6). Dos peixes de água salgada analisados, apenas sardinha e manjuba podem ser recomendados como fontes adequadas de ácidos graxos n-3

Evidence for divided automatic attention

A long-standing debate in the literature is whether attention can form two or more independent spatial foci in addition to the well-known unique spatial focus. There is evidence that voluntary visual attention divides in space. The possibility that this also occurs for automatic visual attention was investigated here. Thirty-six female volunteers were tested. In each trial, a prime stimulus was presented in the left or right visual hemifield. This stimulus was characterized by the blinking of a superior, middle or inferior ring, the blinking of all these rings, or the blinking of the superior and inferior rings. A target stimulus to which the volunteer should respond with the same side hand or a target stimulus to which she should not respond was presented 100 ms later in a primed location, a location between two primed locations or a location in the contralateral hemifield. Reaction time to the positive target stimulus in a primed location was consistently shorter than reaction time in the horizontally corresponding contralateral location. This attentional effect was significantly smaller or absent when the positive target stimulus appeared in the middle location after the double prime stimulus. These results suggest that automatic visual attention can focus on two separate locations simultaneously, to some extent sparing the region in between.CNPqFINE

AVALIAÇÃO ULTRA-SONOGRÁFICA DO FETO E DO MEIO INTRA-UTERINO DURANTE O ÚLTIMO MÊS DE GESTAÇÃO EM ÉGUAS PURO SANGUE INGLÊS (PSI)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o diâmetro da aorta fetal, freqüência cardíaca fetal, atividade fetal, ecogenicidade dos líquidos alantóide amniótico e espessura da unidade feto-placentária, trinta e oito éguas Puro-Sangue Inglês (PSI) com gestações saudáveis foram examinadas por ultra-sonografia. O valor médio da freqüência cardíaca fetal variou de 73,05 ± 2,99 bat/min aos 300-330 dias de gestação para 70,05 ± 1,88 bat/min a partir de 330 dias de gestação. O valor médio do diâmetro da aorta fetal foi 23,69 ± 1,66 mm e a média da atividade fetal foi 2,03 ± 0,19. A espessura da unidade feto-placentária apresentou valores médios de 8,70 ± 0,92 mm para 300-330 dias, e 9,57 ± 0,49 mm para 330 dias até o parto. O valor médio para a ecogenicidade do líquido amniótico foi 1,96 ± 0,27, e para o líquido alantóide foi 1 ± 0. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetus and intrauterine environment in the last month of pregnancy in thoroughbred mares Abstract Thirty eight thoroughbred mares with normal pregnancies were subjected to transabdominal and transrectal sonography from 300 days of gestation up to the term in order to evaluated fetals aortic diameter, heart rate and activity, as well as the amniotic and allantoic fluids ecogenicity and the thickness of the uterus and placenta unit. The mean fetal heart rate values varied from 73,05 ± 2,99 beats/minute at 300-330 days of pregnancy to 70,05 ± 1,88 beats/minute from 330 days of pregnancy up to the term. The mean value for fetal aortic diameter was 23,69 ± 1,66 mm and for fetal activity was 2,03 ± 0,19. The uterus and placenta thickness displayed mean values of 8,70 ± 0,92 mm and 9,57 ± 0,49 mm at 300-330 days of pregnancy mm and at 330 days of pregnancy up to the term, respectively. The mean values for amniotic fluid ecogenicity and for allantoic fluid were found to be 1,96 ± 0,27 and 1,0, respectively. These evaluations can be used as normal values in order to evaluate fetal well-being

Evaluation of total and non-fatty ether extract in feeds and cattle feces using two analytical methods

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate ether extract (EE) concentrations, pigments, and wax in forages (n=14), concentrates (n=23), and cattle feces (n=100) using extraction methods recommended by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC; method 920.39) and American Oil Chemist's Society (AOCS; method Am 5-04). The EE contents were compared by adjusting a linear regression model for each sample type. For the feces and forage samples, the EE contents produced by the AOCS method were greater (P<0.05) compared to those obtained using the AOAC method. No differences between methods were observed in EE content of concentrates (P>0.05). Concentration of vegetable pigments and wax were evaluated by using analysis for variance. Vegetable pigments were lower (P<0.05) in the post-extraction residues using the AOCS method, than the AOAC method, indicating greater participation of vegetable pigments in the EE. No differences were observed between the methods in wax concentration of the post-extraction residues (P>0.05). The quantification method of the EE content that is recommended by AOCS is not suggested for analyses of forage and feces of ruminants because it possibly increases the removal of non-fatty material, mostly pigments, in comparison to the method recommended by AOAC

Acute neuroinflammation elicited by TLR-3 systemic activation combined with early life stress induces working memory impairments in male adolescent mice

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are implicated with the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment induced by inflammation. Early life stress is associated with altered trajectories of neuroimmune signaling with implications for cognitive development. However, effects of TLR-3 activation on early life stress-related cognitive outcomes are understudied. We investigated the effects of maternal separation (MS) during postnatal development and a viral immune challenge during adolescence on working memory performance. BALB/c mice exposed to MS were separated from their dams daily for 180-min from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 15. At PND 45, animals were challenged with a single i.p. injection of either Poly (I:C) or sterile saline, and then subjected to a spatial working memory test in a Y-maze apparatus. Gene expression was determined by qPCR. Protein levels of oxidative stress markers were also assessed. A single peripheral administration of a TLR-3 agonist was able to induce working memory impairments in adolescent mice exposed to MS. At a molecular level, exposure to MS was associated with lower mRNA levels of Tlr3 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, when MS animals were exposed to Poly (I:C), a more robust activation of Tlr3, Il6 and Nfkb1 gene transcription was observed in these mice compared with control animals. These modifications did not result in oxidative stress. Finally, higher mRNA levels of Nfkb1 in the mPFC were correlated with lower working memory performance, suggesting that altered NF-\u3baB signaling might be related with poor cognitive functioning. These results have implications for how ELS affects neuroimmune signaling in the mPFC

Aumento da produção de etanol a partir de melaço de cana-de-açúcar pela adição de benzoato

The effect of the addition of sodium benzoate on alcoholic fermentation of molasses medium with 15% total reducing sugars was studied by using industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae M-300-A. Sodium benzoate was added at the rate of 7.5 miligram to 0,8 grams of dry yeast during 0, 2, 4 e 6 fermentative cycles. The addition of sodium benzoate resulted in an increase in ethanol production and a reduction of yeast growth and glycerol and n-propylic, isobutylic and isoamylic alcoholic contents. The inhibitor did not reduce cell viability; soon after its removal the yeast returned to grow. This fact suggests the possibility of using the benzoate in distilleries.O efeito da adição de benzoato de sódio sobre a fermentação alcoólica de meio de melaço de cana-de-açúcar com 15% de açúcares redutores totais foi estudado utilizando a levedura industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae M-300-A. Foram adicionados 7,5 miligramas de benzoato de sódio para 0,8 gramas de levedura seca durante 0, 2, 4 e 6 ciclos fermentativos. Com a adição de benzoato ocorreu aumento na produção de etanol, redução do crescimento da levedura e dos teores de glicerol e dos álcoois n-propílico, isobutílico e isoamílico. O inibidor não provocou redução da viabilidade celular e após a retirada do inibidor a levedura voltou a apresentar crescimento. Este fato sugere a possibilidade do uso do benzoato em destilarias de álcool combustível

Design Specifications for an Auxiliary Incision Retractor in Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgeries

It is presented the design specifications for a Retractor Robotic System (RRS) based on the surgical necessities in the incisions procedure for a dacryocystorhinostomy. The specifications are conformed by a mathematical model, the experimental data measured, a modular flexible architecture, energy supplier system, the mechanical group, and the safety system. The specifications suggest that the use of flexible polymeric materials for the RRS provide a mayor adaptability of the system with the biological tissue; so a pneumatic actuator could be a suitable option.This research was funded by CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) Grant No. 86356

Anisotropic transport in the two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit coupling

In a two-dimensional electron gas as realized by a semiconductor quantum well, the presence of spin-orbit coupling of both the Rashba and Dresselhaus type leads to anisotropic dispersion relations and Fermi contours. We study the effect of this anisotropy on the electrical conductivity in the presence of fixed impurity scatterers. The conductivity also shows in general an anisotropy which can be tuned by varying the Rashba coefficient. This effect provides a method of detecting and investigating spin-orbit coupling by measuring spin-unpolarized electrical currents in the diffusive regime. Our approach is based on an exact solution of the two-dimensional Boltzmann equation and provides also a natural framework for investigating other transport effects including the anomalous Hall effect.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure included. Discussion of experimental impact enlarged; error in calculation of conductivity contribution corrected (cf. Eq. (A14)), no changes in qualitative results and physical consequence

Stress response inside perturbed particle assemblies

The effect of structural disorder on the stress response inside three dimensional particle assemblies is studied using computer simulations of frictionless sphere packings. Upon applying a localised, perturbative force within the packings, the resulting {\it Green's} function response is mapped inside the different assemblies, thus providing an explicit view as to how the imposed perturbation is transmitted through the packing. In weakly disordered arrays, the resulting transmission of forces is of the double-peak variety, but with peak widths scaling linearly with distance from the source of the perturbation. This behaviour is consistent with an anisotropic elasticity response profile. Increasing the disorder distorts the response function until a single-peak response is obtained for fully disordered packings consistent with an isotropic description.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure captions To appear in Granular Matte