Влияние приема витамина D на параметры качества жизни у офисных работников, проживающих в городе Алматы, Казахстан

Objective: to study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and analyze the results of therapy in office workers, including an assessment of the quality of life.Material and methods. An observational non-interventional cross-sectional, cohort, prospective phase IV clinical study included office workers (151 people, age 18–44 years), who were prescribed an aqueous solution of vitamin D. The concentration of 25(OH)D in the blood of patients was measured before and after undergoing treatment. The duration of therapy, depending on the degree of deficiency, was 4 or 8 weeks. The SF-36 scale was used to assess the physiological and psychological status.Results. In 75.5% of the study participants, a insufficiency or deficiency of vitamin D was detected. Differences in the average content of 25(OH)D in blood serum before and after treatment with vitamin D were statistically significant. The level of vitamin D in blood serum, measured by the content of its metabolite 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml, is regarded as suboptimal, i.e. its insufficiency occurs, and <20 ng/ml – as vitamin D deficiency (p<0.0001). The SF-36 score showed significant statistically significant improvements in overall health, physical functioning, and pain in individuals with vitamin D deficiency after vitamin D supplementation. The use of multiple linear regression demonstrated an association of serum 25(OH)D levels with vitamin D-rich foods taken less than once a week.Conclusions. Vitamin D deficiency is very common among office workers: 75.5% had D 25(OH)D levels below 30 ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency is corrected by taking this vitamin. Vitamin D supplementation helps to improve physical and mental health indicators. Serum 25(ОН)D levels are associated with intake of vitamin D-rich foods and duration of vitamin D treatment.Цель: изучение распространенности дефицита витамина D и анализ результатов терапии у офисных работников, включая оценку качества жизни.Материал и методы. В наблюдательное неинтервенционное кросс-секционное когортное проспективное клиническое исследование IV фазы вошли офисные работники (151 человек, возраст 18–44 года), которым был назначен водный раствор витамина D. Концентрация 25(ОН)D в крови пациентов была измерена до и после прохождения лечения. Продолжительность терапии в зависимости от степени дефицита составила 4 или 8 нед. Для оценки физиологического и психологического статуса использовали шкалу SF-36.Результаты. У 75,5% участников исследования была выявлена недостаточность или дефицит витамина D. Различия в среднем содержании 25(ОН)D в сыворотке крови до лечения витамином D и после него были статистически достоверны. Уровень витамина D в сыворотке крови, измеряемый по содержанию его метаболита 25(OH)D, меньше 30 нг/мл расценивался как субоптимальный, т.е. имела место его недостаточность, а меньше 20 нг/мл – как дефицит витамина D (p<0,0001). Оценка по шкале SF-36 показала значительное статистически достоверное улучшение параметров общего здоровья, физического функционирования и болевых ощущений у лиц с дефицитом витамина D после его восполнения. Применение множественной линейной регрессии продемонстрировало ассоциацию уровня 25(ОН)D в сыворотке крови с приемом продуктов, богатых витамином D, реже 1 раза в неделю.Заключение. Недостаточность витамина D весьма распространена среди офисных работников: у 75,5% уровень 25(ОН)D был ниже 30 нг/мл. Недостаточность витамина D корригируется за счет приема данного витамина, который способствует улучшению показателей физического и ментального здоровья. Уровень 25(ОН)D в сыворотке крови ассоциирован с приемом богатых витамином D продуктов и длительностью лечения витамином D

Safety of low-carbohydrate diets

Low-carbohydrate diets have re-emerged into the public spotlight and are enjoying a high degree of popularity as people search for a solution to the population\u27s ever-expanding waistline. The current evidence though indicates that low-carbohydrate diets present no significant advantage over more traditional energy-restricted diets on long-term weight loss and maintenance. Furthermore, a higher rate of adverse side-effects can be attributed to low-carbohydrate dieting approaches. Short-term efficacy of low-carbohydrate diets has been demonstrated for some lipid parameters of cardiovascular risk and measures of glucose control and insulin sensitivity, but no studies have ascertained if these effects represent a change in primary outcome measures. Low-carbohydrate diets are likely effective and not harmful in the short term and may have therapeutic benefits for weight-related chronic diseases although weight loss on such a program should be undertaken under medical supervision. While new commercial incarnations of the low-carbohydrate diet are now addressing overall dietary adequacy by encouraging plenty of high-fibre vegetables, fruit, low-glycaemic-index carbohydrates and healthier fat sources, this is not the message that reaches the entire public nor is it the type of diet adopted by many people outside of the world of a well-designed clinical trial. Health effects of long-term ad hoc restriction of inherently beneficial food groups without a concomitant reduction in body weight remains unanswered.<br /

The Guinea Pig as a model for sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD): the impact of cholesterol intake on expression of AD-related genes

Extent: 12p.We investigated the guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, as a model for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), both in terms of the conservation of genes involved in AD and the regulatory responses of these to a known AD risk factor - high cholesterol intake. Unlike rats and mice, guinea pigs possess an Aβ peptide sequence identical to human Aβ. Consistent with the commonality between cardiovascular and AD risk factors in humans, we saw that a high cholesterol diet leads to up-regulation of BACE1 (β-secretase) transcription and down-regulation of ADAM10 (α-secretase) transcription which should increase release of Aβ from APP. Significantly, guinea pigs possess isoforms of AD-related genes found in humans but not present in mice or rats. For example, we discovered that the truncated PS2V isoform of human PSEN2, that is found at raised levels in AD brains and that increases γ-secretase activity and Aβ synthesis, is not uniquely human or aberrant as previously believed. We show that PS2V formation is up-regulated by hypoxia and a high-cholesterol diet while, consistent with observations in humans, Aβ concentrations are raised in some brain regions but not others. Also like humans, but unlike mice, the guinea pig gene encoding tau, MAPT, encodes isoforms with both three and four microtubule binding domains, and cholesterol alters the ratio of these isoforms. We conclude that AD-related genes are highly conserved and more similar to human than the rat or mouse. Guinea pigs represent a superior rodent model for analysis of the impact of dietary factors such as cholesterol on the regulation of AD-related genes.Mathew J. Sharman, Seyyed H. Moussavi Nik, Mengqi M. Chen, Daniel Ong, Linda Wijaya, Simon M. Laws, Kevin Taddei, Morgan Newman, Michael Lardelli, Ralph N. Martins, Giuseppe Verdil

American marsupials chromosomes: Why study them?

Marsupials, one of the three main groups of mammals, are only found in Australia and in the American continent. Studies performed in Australian marsupials have demonstrated the great potential provided by the group for the understanding of basic genetic mechanisms and chromosome evolution in mammals. Genetic studies in American marsupials are relatively scarce and cytogenetic data of most species are restricted to karyotype descriptions, usually without banding patterns. Nevertheless, the first marsupial genome sequenced was that of Monodelphis domestica, a South American species. The knowledge about mammalian genome evolution and function that resulted from studies on M. domestica is in sharp contrast with the lack of genetic data on most American marsupial species. Here, we present an overview of the chromosome studies performed in marsupials with emphasis on the South American species

Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≥1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference