Effect of storage temperature and sunlight exposure on the physicochemical properties of bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq

Physicochemical properties (pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved salt, Cl- , F- , NO3- ,SO4-2, NH4+ and Chemical oxygen demand) of Sixteen brands bottled water in Kurdistan region-Iraq were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical properties of the bottled water measured in this work compared with manufacturer's labeling reported on the bottles and were compared with the guideline value of World Health Organization (WHO) and International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) standards. The change of physicochemical properties investigated when the bottled water exposed to sunlight or storage at different temperature for 30 days. IR-spectroscopy was carried out in order to deduce the nature of polymer material and its purity. Results indicated that the quality of bottled water samples was within the permissible limit, while it is changed with the time of sunlight exposed or temperature changes. The results indicate, the physicochemical properties of all bottled water samples are within the international guidelines of bottled water and not the same that reported on the bottle label. The results show each of sun light exposure and temperature of storing cause changesin all physicochemical properties of water in the plastic bottle. @JASE

Upaya Meningkatkan Pemahaman Operasi Hitung Bilangan Bulat Dengan Media Gerak Dan Arah Pada Siswa Kelas IV Di SDN Samirono Kecamatan Getasan Kabupaten Semarang

Berdasarkan data dan observasi saat pembelajaran di kelas IV SD Negeri Samirono Kecamatan Getasan, terdapat permasalahan yaitu kurangnya motivasi siswa dalam belajar, kurangnya minat bertanya siswa, kurangnya perhatian siswa dalam pembelajaran yang menyebabkan rendahnya prestasi belajar mata pelajaran matematika. Pembelajaran yang diterapkan masih bersifat satu arah dan tidak adanya penggunaan media pembelajaran sehingga membentuk kesulitan belajar dan memicu permasalahan tersebut. Tingkat kesulitan belajar tinggi memberikan pengaruh terhadap capaian pemahaman belajar yang rendah. Upaya penggunaan media gerak dan arah pada materi operasi hitung bilangan bulat sebagai alternatif pemecahan masalah yang ditemukan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui peningkatan pemahaman siswa kelas IV SDN Samirono Kecamatan Getasan sebagai subjek penelitian, pada mata pelajaran matematika tahun pelajaran 2014/2015. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang diwujudkan pada sekurang-kurangnya dua siklus tindakan sebagai usaha untuk meningkatkan pemahaman siswa melalui penggunaan media gerak dan arah pada pembelajaran Matematika. Diawali dengan indentifikasi masalah saat proses pembelajaran, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan implementasi tindakan siklus I yang meliputi; perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi untuk dilanjutkan tindakan siklus II. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, dokumentasi, tes dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dilakukan dengan cara reduksi, penyajian data, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mengambil kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Validitas data menggunakan tehnik trianggulasi, yaitu triangulasi sumber data dan triangulasi metode pengumpulan data. Berdasarkan hasil observasi sebelum tindakan siklus dilaksanakan, rata-rata tingkat pemahaman siswa yang diukur dengan 3 indikator berada pada angka 28,8 %(6 siswa yang lulus dari 22 siswa). Sedangkan pada akhir pertemuan kedua siklus I menjadi 71,7 %(16 siswa yang lulus dari 22 siswa), dan di akhir pelaksanaan tindakan siklus II meningkat menjadi 89,4 %(20 siswa yang lulus dari 22 siswa). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan media gerak dan arah dapat meningkatkan pemahaman materi operasi hitung bilangan bulat siswa kelas IV SDN Samirono Kecamatan Getasan tahun ajaran 2014/2015

Penerapan Metode Cerita Berantai Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berbicara Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Siswa Kelas Iv Sd Negeri Semawung I Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa pada mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia melalui penerapan metode pembelajaran cerita berantai. Penelitian ini termasuk Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yaitu merupakan suatu jenis penelitian yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk memecahkan masalah pembelajaran dikelasnya. Subyek penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa kelas IV SD Negeri Semawung I, Kecamatan Andong, Kabupaten Boyolali yang berjumlah 10 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini melalui wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menerapkan metode cerita berantai dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa pada mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia SD N Semawung I Tahun 2013/2014. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil observasi pra siklus yang menunjukan keterampilan berbicara siswa pra siklus , pada indikator pertama yaitu struktur kalimat 44% sedangkan pada siklus II menjadi 80%, ketepatan pilihan kata 46% sedangkan pada siklus II menjadi 81%, kefasihan 48% sedangkan pada siklus II menjadi 84%, intonasi 46% sedangkan pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 84%, dan kejelasan suara 54% sedangkan pada siklus II menjadi 83%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan observasi data di lapangan, maka dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa penerapan metode cerita berantai dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia pada siswa kelas IV SD N Semawung I, Andong, Boyolali Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014

Prevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis B Virus Antigens and Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Blood Donors

Background: Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the presence of HBV DNA in liver tissue and/or in serum in the absence of detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). It is a world-wide entity that is considered as a potential risk for transmission of HBV infection. Aim: This study was aimed to determine the rate of occult HBV infection among unpaid blood donors in Diyala province-Iraq. Subjects and methods: This study was conducted for the period from 1st. May 2011 to 1st. April 2012. A total of 186 unpaid blood donors were chosen by simple random selection from those attending the Central Blood Bank in the Public Health Laboratory in Diyala province. 171 (91.9%) were male and 15 (8.1%) were female. The age range was 19-60 years. Sera of blood donors were subjected for HBsAg screening test, anti-HBs antibody, anti-HBc IgM antibody by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), as well as detection of HBV DNA by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: The positivity rate of HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM and HBV DNA were 4.3%, 3.2% and 8.1%. Among the HBsAg negative blood donors, the HBc IgM positivity rate were 3.4% and the HBV DNA was detected in 3.9% (occult HBV).  Conclusion: The relatively high rate of occult hepatitis B viral infection among blood donors may be responsible, at least in part, for the perpetuation of the infection in the community

Herbicide-Free Technology for Suppressing Weeds on the Crops of Late-Ripening Maize in the Kabardino-Balkaria Steppe Zone

As a result of multi-year research (2015-2017) of effective care techniques in the post-sowing periods, the authors have concluded that it is possible to avoid the expensive use of herbicides to fight weeds of cultivated maize hybrids. Thus when a post-sowing packaging of ZKVG-1.4 was used; inter-row treatments with KRN-5.6 was carried out, additionally equipped with plowshares (sprinkling weeds in protective zones); harrows were weeded (effective combing in the area of crop rows); and irrigation furrows were cut with a ditch-furrow cutter, there was a 75.3-78.9% reduction in weeds, compared with a 78.5-84.3% reduction when chemical weeding was used. This saved up to 0.4 t/ha of Kabardinskaya-3812 and Mashuk-480 SV and up to 0.5 t/ha Krasnodar-620 MV from losses. When weeds were removed manually during the growing season as they appeared on the maize hybrid crops, an average of 0.4-0.6 t/ha were saved. Therefore, there is no need to use expensive herbicides for the crops of maize hybrids Mashuk-480 SV, Krasnodar-620 MV and Kabardinskaya-3812 in the fight against juvenile gramineous bilobated weed infestations. According to the results of our research, a significant alternative is the technologically competent use of all elements of agricultural technology with the obligatory consideration of the species composition of the weeds in each area. In addition, in Kabardino-Balkaria, the irrigated wedge accounts for only 130.7 thousand hectares of arable land out of the total sown area (286.8 thousand hectares). In the Republic, the main areas sown with maize are located on irrigated lands where the biological potential of this crop is realized to the greatest extent. However, it is on irrigated lands that weeds harm the maize crop the most. Therefore, the problem of protecting crops from weeds using cheaper methods for irrigation remains urgent. Keywords: herbicides, weeds, vegetation period, manual weeding, grain productivity, crops harrowing, soil packin

Case of corrosion control in a closed cooling system

The cooling system of the food is one of the main essential systems to maintain food quality in the food processing plant. The using of corrosion inhibitor for the cooling systems is a familiar practice to control the corrosion which is happening due to a different kind of parameters like water quality and the type of materials for the cooling system, in this work, the case of adding corrosion and scale inhibitor to a cooling system containing carbon steel and stainless steel and copper was investigated. The inhibitor was mixed of two materials which are (Sodium Tripolyphosphate as a scale inhibitor and Sodium Polyphosphate as a corrosion inhibitor). The results demonstrate that there is an improvement in reducing the corrosion rate for iron after adding the inhibitor, and the copper ions in the solution reduced if the PH values below 9.5

Study on the growth and development of brinjal shoot and fruit borer with different diets

A laboratory experiment was conducted with two natural and one artificial diet on the growth and development of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB). The population of BSFB used in the study was in the 2nd instar larvae. Among the different diet, brinjal was the best for growth, development and longevity of larvae and pupae and prolongation of larval and pupal period. The mean length of full grown larvae fed with natural the food brinjal were 9.37, 9.80 and 12.44 mm from generations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The larval and pupal duration on brinjal food media were 13.10 and 8.17, 12.80 and 8.23 and 13.10 and 8.03 days in generations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The percentages of adult emergence from pupae raised in brinjal were 65.38, 47.95 and 33.78 in generations 1, 2 and 3, respectively.Key words: Brinjal, brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), natural and artificial diet

Formal Analysis of Linear Control Systems using Theorem Proving

Control systems are an integral part of almost every engineering and physical system and thus their accurate analysis is of utmost importance. Traditionally, control systems are analyzed using paper-and-pencil proof and computer simulation methods, however, both of these methods cannot provide accurate analysis due to their inherent limitations. Model checking has been widely used to analyze control systems but the continuous nature of their environment and physical components cannot be truly captured by a state-transition system in this technique. To overcome these limitations, we propose to use higher-order-logic theorem proving for analyzing linear control systems based on a formalized theory of the Laplace transform method. For this purpose, we have formalized the foundations of linear control system analysis in higher-order logic so that a linear control system can be readily modeled and analyzed. The paper presents a new formalization of the Laplace transform and the formal verification of its properties that are frequently used in the transfer function based analysis to judge the frequency response, gain margin and phase margin, and stability of a linear control system. We also formalize the active realizations of various controllers, like Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional-Derivative (PD), and various active and passive compensators, like lead, lag and lag-lead. For illustration, we present a formal analysis of an unmanned free-swimming submersible vehicle using the HOL Light theorem prover.Comment: International Conference on Formal Engineering Method

Seroprevalence of Anti-Rubella IGg Antibody Among Pregnant And Childbearing Women in Diyala Province-Iraq

Background: In countries where the rate of susceptible women to rubella infection is higher than 10%, preconceptional or prenatal screening is important to reduce the burden of the disease. Objectives: determination of anti-rubella IgG seropositivity and susceptibility rates among pregnant and childbearing women in Baquba-Diyala province. Subjects and methods: A total of 184 women were enrolled in the present study which was conducted in Baquba-Diyala province during the period from April/2007 to September/2008. Ninety eight pregnant women were chosen from those attending the primary health care centers in Baquba. They include 46(46.9%) who had previous abortions with a mean age 27.2 ± 5.3 years, and 52(53.1%) without previous abortion with mean age 23.7± 5.1 years. Additionally, 86 non-pregnant childbearing women were enrolled as a control group. Of those, 39(45.3%) had previous abortion with mean age 33.5 ± 7.8 years, and 47 (54.6%) without previous abortion, the mean age 30.7±7.8 years. Certain demographic factors were collected by personal interview. Anti-rubella IgG specific antibody were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 13 computer assisted program. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results revealed that the IgG seropositivity among pregnant women without previous abortion, and those with previous abortion was 96.1% and 76% respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.04). The seropositivity among non-pregnant women without previous abortion, and those with previous abortion was 85.1% and 100% respectively, with a statistically insignificant difference (p= 0.11). The overall susceptibility rate for rubella infection was 10.7%. There was insignificant effect of age, educational levels, residency, presence of pregnancy, and history of previous abortion on the seropositivity rate of IgG specific anti- rubella antibody. Conclusion: evaluation of the susceptibility of women in the reproductive age to rubella infection is essential to set a strategy for prevention of congenital rubella syndrome

Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Productivity and Yield of Wheat Cultivated Using Developed Seasonal Schedule Irrigation in the Nineveh Province

The agricultural lands that depend on supplementary irrigation methods for winter wheat cultivating in wide areas of the Nineveh province are most vulnerable to climate change concerns. Due to frequent rainfall shortages and the temperature increase recently noticed and predicted by the climate scenarios. Hence important to assess the climate effect on the crop response in terms of water consumption during the periods (2021-2040) and (2041-2060) by using high-resolution data extracted from 6 global climate data GCMs under SSP5-8.5 fossil fuel emission scenarios in changing and fixed CO2 concentration. And validate the Aqua-Crop model to estimate the yield and water productivity. And gives the RRSME of 7.1- 4.1 for the calibration and verification, respectively, d and R2 equal 1, indicating good model performance. From findings, the predicted response to the temperature increase and variability in rainfall between increase and decrease represents an increase in irrigation water productivity to 28% in 2060 related to the reference period in the developed schedule under changing CO2 scenario and a reduction by 13% in the near term related to the mid-term under the fixed CO2 concentration scenario. And the simulation of yield production increased by 30 % under the scenario of changing CO2 concentration. While a slight increase of 13 % under the fixed CO2 concentration scenario. These findings help realize the future uncertain resilience of agriculture in Iraq to create efficient adaptation measures to benefit from climate change opportunities.