Aspectos da Morfossintaxe Krenak: Orações Independentes

O trabalho apresenta uma análise preliminar das orações independentes (declarativas, interrogativas, imperativas) da língua Krenak, única representante atual da família Botocudo (Borum), e que se encontra em avançado processo de extinção. A análise se baseia em dados coletados a 04 falantes adultos, um residente na Aldeia Krenak (rio Doce, MG), e três no P.I. Vanuíre (SãoPaulo), no período de janeiro de 1980 a janeiro de 1982. O trabalho aborda ainda a questão das classes de palavras e a estrutura da locução nominal da língua

Aspectos Da Morfossintaxe Krenak: Orações Independentes

O trabalho apresenta uma análise preliminar das orações independentes (declarativas, interrogativas,imperativas) da língua Krenak, única representante atual da família Botocudo (Borum), e que se encontra emavançado processo de extinção. A análise se baseia em dados coletados a 04 falantes adultos, um residente naAldeia Krenak (rio Doce, MG), e três no P.I. Vanuíre (SãoPaulo), no período de janeiro de 1980 a janeiro de1982. O trabalho aborda ainda a questão das classes de palavras e a estrutura da locução nominal da língua.0

Revisitando os apontamentos para a bibliografia da língua botocudo/borum

A família lingüística botocudo (borum), do tronco macro-jê (Rodrigues, 1972), é uma das menos conhecidas do Brasil. Embora tenha ocupado uma enorme área geográfica que se estendia desde o rio Pardo, na Bahia, até o rio Doce, em Minas Gerais e no Espírito Santo, e embora seus povos tenham estado em contacto com os colonizadores desde o século XVI, nenhuma de suas línguas ou dialetos foi documentada de modo satisfatório

Linguistics of indigenous languages in Brazil

This article presents a panorama of the area of the linguistics of the indigenous languages in Brazil within the discipline of Brazilian linguiistics as a whole. Special attention is given to those aspects related to its specific development. It is argued that in contrast to what is commonly supposed, the arrival of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (1959) not only was not the beginning of this area of study in the country, but it even contributed to the delay in its establishment. It was only after the return of Brazilian scholars educated abroad who were interested in the study of the national indigenous languages that a specialized branch of linguistics directed to the study of these languages began to take form. The present situation of the area and perspectives for future development are both explored.25729

Negative energy balance in dairy cows is associated with specific changes in IGF-binding protein expression in the oviduct

Negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation in dairy cows leads to an altered metabolic state that has major effects on the production of IGF family members. Low IGF-I concentrations are associated with poor fertility and therefore we aimed to determine whether NEB exerts a direct effect on IGF expression in the postpartum oviduct. Multiparous Holstein cows were allocated to two treatments (each n=6) designed using differential feeding and milking regimes to produce either mild NEB (MNEB) or severe NEB (SNEB). Animals were slaughtered in week 2 of lactation when divergent metabolic profiles were evident. Oviducts were collected for RNA analysis by real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridisation. Quantitative measures in oviduct gene expression were obtained for all members of the IGF family (IGF-I/II, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) 1–6 and receptors for IGF types 1 and 2), insulin A/B, GH, glucocorticoid and oestrogen α/β. Expression of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-6 (both of which have a high affinity for IGF-II) was decreased in SNEB relative to MNEB (P<0.05). No other gene was altered by NEB, but IGF-II, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-6 all showed differential expression in different regions of the oviduct. These results indicate that, in addition to low circulating IGF-I after calving, NEB may also influence IGF availability in the oviduct indirectly through changes in specific IGFBP expression. It is possible that the predicted increased signalling by IGF-II may perturb embryo development, contributing to the high rates of embryonic mortality in dairy cows

Effect of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products on Mouse Liver

The exact pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is not known. Previous studies suggest that dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can cause oxidative stress in liver. We aim to study the effects of dietary AGEs on liver health and their possible role in the pathogenesis of NASH. METHODS: Two groups of mice were fed the same diet except the AGE content varied. One group was fed a high AGE diet and the second group was fed a regular AGE diet. Liver histology, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were assessed. RESULTS: Histology revealed that neutrophil infiltration occurred in the livers of the high AGE group at week 26; steatosis did not accompany liver inflammation. At week 39 livers from both groups exhibited macro- or micro-steatosis, yet no inflammation was detected. Higher insulin levels were detected in the regular AGE group at week 26 (P = 0.034), compared to the high AGE group. At week 39, the regular AGE group showed higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (P<0.01) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.02) than those of the high AGE group. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that a high AGE diet can cause liver inflammation in the absence of steatosis. Our results show that dietary AGEs could play a role in initiating liver inflammation contributing to the disease progression of NASH. Our observation that the inflammation caused by high AGE alone did not persist suggests interesting future directions to investigate how AGEs contribute to pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative pathways in the liver