Algumas consequências da presença do bicudo-do-algodoeiro na região infestada de Campinas e Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo, na safra 83/84.

Objetivou-se avaliar a área cultivada com algodoeiro, a produção e as perdas causadas pelo bicudo-do-algodoeiro (Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843) e outras pragas de estruturas produtivas, na região infestada do Estado de Sao Paulo, bem como detalhes do controle utilizado pelos agricultores contra o bicudo, durante a safra 83/84. Para isso, conduziu-se um levantamento em uma amostra de propriedades em municípios infestados por essa praga. Observou-se que nas DIRAs de Campinas e Sorocaba houve um decréscimo de 19,9% e 32,9%, respectivamente, na area plantada com algodão na safra 83/84 em relacao a safra anterior. Na safra 83/84, embora tenha havido maior incidência da praga, houve um aumento de produtividade de algodao de 26,8% e 29,9% nas DIRAs de Campinas e Sorocaba, respectivamente, em relação a safra 82/83. O numero de pulverizações com inseticidas se elevou de 2,8 a 4,1, em media, de 82/83 para 83/84. Os inseticidas mais utilizados, em ordem decrescente, foram: methyl parathion, endosulfan, endrin e monocrotophos. As propriedades com maiores danos de bicudo nas DIRAs de Campinas e Sorocaba, dentro da amostra estudada, apresentaram decréscimos na producao de, respectivamente, 4,7% e 6,6%. Na safra 83/84 o bicudo foi mais prejudicial que lagarta-rosada, praga de expressão na região

Algumas consequências da presença do bicudo-do-algodoeiro na região infestada de Campinas e Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo, na safra 83/84.

Objetivou-se avaliar a área cultivada com algodoeiro, a produção e as perdas causadas pelo bicudo-do-algodoeiro (Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843) e outras pragas de estruturas produtivas, na região infestada do Estado de Sao Paulo, bem como detalhes do controle utilizado pelos agricultores contra o bicudo, durante a safra 83/84. Para isso, conduziu-se um levantamento em uma amostra de propriedades em municípios infestados por essa praga. Observou-se que nas DIRAs de Campinas e Sorocaba houve um decréscimo de 19,9% e 32,9%, respectivamente, na area plantada com algodão na safra 83/84 em relacao a safra anterior. Na safra 83/84, embora tenha havido maior incidência da praga, houve um aumento de produtividade de algodao de 26,8% e 29,9% nas DIRAs de Campinas e Sorocaba, respectivamente, em relação a safra 82/83. O numero de pulverizações com inseticidas se elevou de 2,8 a 4,1, em media, de 82/83 para 83/84. Os inseticidas mais utilizados, em ordem decrescente, foram: methyl parathion, endosulfan, endrin e monocrotophos. As propriedades com maiores danos de bicudo nas DIRAs de Campinas e Sorocaba, dentro da amostra estudada, apresentaram decréscimos na producao de, respectivamente, 4,7% e 6,6%. Na safra 83/84 o bicudo foi mais prejudicial que lagarta-rosada, praga de expressão na região.Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T00:52:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CampanholaAlgumas.pdf: 9287858 bytes, checksum: a97a9356cfbd6d5120d03982aa667af7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991-03-15bitstream/item/175646/1/Campanhola-Algumas.pd

Sensing Area\u2010Average Snow Water Equivalent with Cosmic\u2010Ray Neutrons: The Influence of Fractional Snow Cover

Cosmic\u2010ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a promising non\u2010invasive technique to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) over large areas. In contrast to preliminary studies focusing on shallow snow conditions (SWE < 130 mm), more recently the method was shown experimentally to be sensitive also to deeper snowpacks providing the basis for its use at mountain experimental sites. However, hysteretic neutron response has been observed for complex snow cover including patchy snow\u2010free areas. In the present study we aimed to understand and support the experimental findings using a comprehensive neutron modeling approach. Several simulations have been set up in order to disentangle the effect on the signal of different land surface characteristics and to reproduce multiple observations during periods of snow melt and accumulation. To represent the actual land surface heterogeneity and the complex snow cover, the model used data from terrestrial laser scanning. The results show that the model was able to accurately reproduce the CRNS signal and particularly the hysteresis effect during accumulation and melting periods. Moreover, the sensor footprint was found to be anisotropic and affected by the spatial distribution of liquid water and snow as well as by the topography of the nearby mountains. Under fully snow\u2010covered conditions the CRNS is able to accurately estimate SWE without prior knowledge about snow density profiles or other spatial anomalies. These results provide new insights into the characteristics of the detected neutron signal in complex terrain and support the use of CRNS for long\u2010term snow monitoring in high elevated mountain environments

Continuous monitoring of snowpack dynamics in alpine terrain by aboveground neutron sensing

The characteristics of an aboveground cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS) are evaluated for monitoring a mountain snowpack in the Austrian Alps from March 2014 to June 2016. Neutron counts were compared to continuous point-scale snow depth (SD) and snow-water-equivalent (SWE) measurements from an automatic weather station with a maximum SWE of 600 mm (April 2014). Several spatially distributed Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS)-based SD and SWE maps were additionally used. A strong nonlinear correlation is found for both SD and SWE. The representative footprint of the CRNS is in the range of 230\u2013270 m. In contrast to previous studies suggesting signal saturation at around 100 mm of SWE, no complete signal saturation was observed. These results imply that CRNS could be transferred into an unprecedented method for continuous detection of spatially averaged SD and SWE for alpine snowpacks, though with sensitivity decreasing with increasing SWE. While initially different functions were found for accumulation and melting season conditions, this could be resolved by accounting for a limited measurement depth. This depth limit is in the range of 200 mm of SWE for dense snowpacks with high liquid water contents and associated snow density values around 450 kg m 123 and above. In contrast to prior studies with shallow snowpacks, interannual transferability of the results is very high regardless of presnowfall soil moisture conditions. This underlines the unexpectedly high potential of CRNS to close the gap between point-scale measurements, hydrological models, and remote sensing of the cryosphere in alpine terrain

An Alternative Incoming Correction for Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing Observations Using Local Muon Measurement

Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications

An alternative incoming correction for cosmic-ray neutron sensing observations using local muon measurement.

Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications