Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980–2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package—a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87–2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91–1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79–3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63–2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8–39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact

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Not AvailableThe non-conventional karanja cake is rich in protein (around 30% CP) and can be used in livestock feed as a protein source instead of conventional protein supplement cake like soybean meal (SBM), groundnut cake, etc. The present study was carried out to research the effect of partially substituted soybean meal with detoxified karanja cake (dKC) on performance of ram lambs. Twenty-four ram lambs were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6) and fed different levels (%) of detoxified karanja cake (0% replacement, control; 25% replacement, dKC-25; 50% replacement, dKC-50 and 75% replacement, dKC-75) in concentrate mixtures for 140 days. dKC was incorporated in the concentrate mixtures at the expense of soybean meal, maize grain and wheat bran at 9, 18 and 29% in dKC-25, dKC-50 and dKC-75, respectively on fresh basis. As the level of karanja in the diet increased, DMI was found to be decreasing significantly. Similar to these effects, N-retention was reduced leading to significant reduction of body weight in high karanja cake replaced groups. Similar trend was observed in OM, CP, and ADF digestilities and reason attributed to increased dietary level of karanja cake. However, detrimental effects were not observed on the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, serum urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicating residual ANF present in dKC did not exert any adverse effects. The effects on hot carcass weight, weights of liver and testes are following a decreasing trend while that weight of kidney is increasing with level of karanja in the diet. Our findings highlights that the detoxified karanja cake can be added as replacement of soybean meal (SBM) at low levels. However, higher levels of replacement (above 9 per cent of concentrate mixture) warrant caution due to its adverse effect on studied parameters.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study was conducted to know the effect of two levels of detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake (DNC) on the carcass characteristics of male lambs. Eighteen male lambs were randomly divided in three groups of six each with group I control concentrate containing soyabean meal (SBM) and group II and III fed with concentrate mixtures containing defatted and DNC at two levels DNC25 and DNC50 for five months. At the end of feeding trial, the sheep were slaughtered humanely and slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentages, and percentage weight of various organs were calculated and analysed statistically. The mean±SE slaughter weight (kg) and carcass weight (kg) of sheep were 18.33±1.27 and 13.65±0.95 in group I, 17.68±1.28 and 13.15±1.03 in group II, 18.00±0.99 and 13.71±0.79 in group III, respectively. The dressing percentages on slaughter weight basis were 49.74±1.26, 49.69±1.04 and 51.94±0.55, respectively. No significant difference in the slaughter weight, carcass weight and dressing percentages between the three groups was observed. The percentage of slaughter weight of various organs like skin, head, feet, heart, lungs, spleen, testicles, kidney and liver showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. Thus, the detoxified neem seed cake can be fed to sheep as protein replacement without affecting the carcass characteristics, which will reduce the feed cost and improve the profitability of the sheep farmers in India.DBT Projec

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Not AvailableThe present study was conducted to know the effect of two levels of detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake (DNC) on the carcass characteristics of male lambs. Eighteen male lambs were randomly divided in three groups of six each with group I control concentrate containing soyabean meal (SBM) and group II and III fed with concentrate mixtures containing defatted and DNC at two levels DNC25 and DNC50 for five months. At the end of feeding trial, the sheep were slaughtered humanely and slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentages, and percentage weight of various organs were calculated and analysed statistically. The mean±SE slaughter weight (kg) and carcass weight (kg) of sheep were 18.33±1.27 and 13.65±0.95 in group I, 17.68±1.28 and 13.15±1.03 in group II, 18.00±0.99 and 13.71±0.79 in group III, respectively. The dressing percentages on slaughter weight basis were 49.74±1.26, 49.69±1.04 and 51.94±0.55, respectively. No significant difference in the slaughter weight, carcass weight and dressing percentages between the three groups was observed. The percentage of slaughter weight of various organs like skin, head, feet, heart, lungs, spleen, testicles, kidney and liver showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. Thus, the detoxified neem seed cake can be fed to sheep as protein replacement without affecting the carcass characteristics, which will reduce the feed cost and improve the profitability of the sheep farmers in India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study, neem seed cake (51.55% CP) and karanja seed cake (37.91% CP) were used as a partial replacement of soybean protein cake. Three iso-nitrogenous total mixed rations (TMR) were prepared namely T1-control where soybean meal was incorporated at 9.6% of TMR, in T2-dNC and T3-dKC, the cakes were incorporated at 3.85 and 5.85% of TMR and fed to eighteen crossbred cows in three groups for 90 days. Milk yield (kg/day) and FCM yield (kg/day) was found to be higher in dNC compared to dKC groups. After 90 days of feeding, both milk yield (kg/day) and FCM yield (kg/day) increased in all the groups. The average milk fat was found to be lower in (P<0.05) in T3-dKC group (5.03) compared to T1-control (6.13). Total solids was found to be lower in T2-dNC and T3-dKC groups compared to T1 control. DMI (kg) required for kg FCM was same in all the groups (1.38 in T1-control; 1.30 in T2-dNC and 1.66 in T3-dKC). It was concluded that detoxified neem cake (dNC) and detoxified karanja cake (dKC) can be included in total mixed rations of medium producing dairy cattle (5-8 liters of milk per day) replacing standard soybean meal without adversely affecting milk composition and milk production efficiency.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study was conducted to find out the effect of supplementing defatted and detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake as a partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) in the diet of growing lambs. Male lambs of uniform body weight (8.31±0.32kg) were randomly allotted to three groups such as control (diet containing SBM) and two test diets with defatted and detoxified neem cake (DNC) at two levels (34g and 68g per kg of diet) replacing 25% and 50% nitrogen of SBM (DNC-25 and DNC-50). The respective diets (concentrate mixtures along with finger millet (Eleucine corocana) straw) were fed individually to lambs for a period of 140 days. The repeated measure ANOVA indicated that lambs on DNC treatments grew on par with control across all the periods and no interaction was observed. The difference in the dry matter intake was not found to be significant (P>0.05) in any of the three study groups. Similarly apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen and hormonal profiles did not differ (P>0.05) across the groups. Humoral and cell mediated immune response measured in terms of antibody titre and lymphocyte proliferation assay was also the same (P>0.05) across the groups. The relative gene expression of IGF-I and LHR transcripts in testes tissue was positively influenced (P<0.05) in DNC-50 treatment (3–4 fold increase) as compared to control and DNC-25. No histopathological changes were observed in vital organs of sheep fed DNC diets compared to control. It can be concluded that based on the studied parameters, DNC can replace 50% of SBM nitrogen with 3–4 fold increase in gene expression in testes tissue.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThree total mixed rations (TMR) were prepared namely T1-control where soybean meal was incorporated at 9.6 % of TMR, T2-detoxified neem cake (dNC) was incorporated at 3.85 % of TMR and T3-detoxified karanja cake (dKC) was incorporated at 5.85 % of TMR and fed to three groups of six crossbred cows in each group for 90 days. Milk yield (kg/day) and FCM yield (kg/day) increased in all the groups. The average milk fat was found to be lower in (P<0.05) in T3-dKC group (5.03±0.21) compared to T1-control (6.13±0.25). Nutrient intakes and digestibilities were found to be same. Blood profiles like albumin, glucose, LDH and ALP concentrations were higher (P<0.05) and globulin and urea concentration were lower (P<0.05) at the end of experiment in all the groups. Serum cortisol (nM/L) and IGF-1 (ng/ml) concentration were also found to be same in all groups. However, final IGF-1hormone concentrations were found to be higher (P<0.05) compared to initial values in all the groups. In can be concluded that feeding of TMR containing dNC and dKC have improved milk yield in 90 days lactation period without adversely affecting milk composition, milk production efficiency. Similar effects were observed even nutrient digestibility and nutritive value of diets indicating these unconventional protein supplements can be included in TMR of dairy cattle. Positive effects on serum albumin, glucose, LDH and ALP concentrations and IGF I concentrations were observed at the end of feeding period of 90 days in both treatment groups compared to control.Department of Biotechnology, (DBT), Government of India, New Delh

Enzyme-assisted process for production of superior quality vanilla extracts from green vanilla pods using tea leaf enzymes

Vanilla planifolia Andrews is a perennial tropical vine and is an orchid grown for its pleasant flavor. There is an increasing trend world over for using natural flavors. Vanilla being an important food flavoring ingredient, the demand for natural vanilla extract is increasing. Hence, the aim of the present study was to prepare vanilla extract from green beans without going through the elaborate and time-consuming conventional curing process. Vanilla beans after size reduction were mixed in a suitable proportion with tea leaf enzyme extract (TLEE) and incubated to facilitate action of enzymes on vanilla flavor precursors. The beans mix was squeezed, and the filtrate was treated with ethanol to extract the vanilla flavor. TLEE-treated extracts had higher vanillin content (4.2%) compared to Viscozyme extract (2.4%). Also, it had higher intensity of vanilla flavor, sweet, and floral notes. Further, electronic nose analysis confirmed the discrimination between extracts. It was concluded that the use of TLEE is very much useful to obtain higher yield of vanilla extract and superior quality vanilla flavor, which avoids the traditional laborious and time-consuming curing process

Simulation of the onset of convection in a porous medium layer saturated by a couple-stress nanofluid

Linear and nonlinear stability analyses for the onset of time-dependent convection in a horizontal layer of a porous medium saturated by a couple-stress non-Newtonian nanofluid, intercalated between two thermally insulated plates, are presented. Brinkman and MaxwellGarnett formulations are adopted for nanoscale effects. A modified Darcy formulation that includes the time derivative term is used for the momentum equation. The nanofluid is assumed to be dilute and this enables the porous medium to be treated as a weakly heterogeneous medium with variation of thermal conductivity and viscosity, in the vertical direction. The general transport equations are solved with a Galerkin-type weighted residuals method. A perturbation method is deployed for the linear stability analysis and a Runge– Kutta–Gill (RKG) quadrature scheme for the nonlinear analysis. The critical Rayleigh number, wave numbers for the stationary and oscillatory modes and frequency of oscillations are obtained analytically using linear theory and the non-linear analysis is executed with minimal representation of the truncated Fourier series involving only two terms. The effect of various parameters on the stationary and oscillatory convection behavior is visualized. The effect of couple stress parameter on the stationary and oscillatory convections is also shown graphically. It is found that the couple stress parameter has a stabilizing effect on both the stationary and oscillatory convections. Transient Nusselt number and Sherwood number exhibit an oscillatory nature when time is small. However, at very large values of time both Nusselt number and Sherwood number values approach their steady state values. The study is relevant to the dynamics of biopolymers in solution in microfluidic devices and rheological nanoparticle methods in petroleum recovery