«Saben ya promover su utilidad». Historiografía, pueblos indígenas, resistencias y el diretório dos índios en el valle amazónico, 1777-1798

Aquest treball té per objectiu analitzar accions dels indis aldeados de la vall amazònic, especialment els principais -principals, lideratges indígenes-, i com van utilitzar un coneixement obtingut al llarg dels anys de contacte amb els europeus, i van realitzar una lectura específica de la legislació vigent en la segona meitat del segle XVIII, apropiant-se dels codis culturals per fer valer les seves necessitats.This work aims to analyze the actions of the Indian villagers of the Amazon valley, especially the principais — the chiefs, or indigenous leaders; and how they used the knowledge obtained over years of contact with Europeans in a specific reading of the legislation in force in the second half of the 18th century, appropriating cultural codes to assert their needs.Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar acciones de los indios aldeados del valle amazónico, especialmente los principais —principales, liderazgos indígenas—, y cómo utilizaron un conocimiento obtenido a lo largo de los años de contacto con los europeos, y realizaron una lectura específica de la legislación vigente en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, apropiándose de los códigos culturales para hacer valer sus necesidades

“Monstruoso systema (...) intrusa e abusiva jurisdicção”: Indian’s Directory in the colonial administrative agents' discourse (1777-1798)

This paper aims to show, through reports and correspondence of the colonial administrative officers in the Amazon valley, the discourse about the Indian’s Directory, legislation that existed between the years 1757 to 1798. Our purpose was to indicate that the critics made by the representatives of the Crown, more than report breaches of directors, indicated the emergency of power that endangered the project to the metropolitan Amazon valleyO trabalho visa demonstrar, por meio de relatórios e correspondências dos agentesadministrativos coloniais no vale amazônico, o discurso acerca do Diretório dos Índios (1757-1798). Nosso propósito foi indicar que as críticas formuladas pelos representantes da Coroa, mais que denunciar desvios dos diretores, indicavam a emergência de poderes que colocavam em risco o projeto metropolitano para o vale amazônico

RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA DA MONITORIA EM EDUCAÇÃO HISTÓRICA

O Programa de Monitoria é composto por atividades didático-pedagógico desenvolvidas pelo aluno, no caso o monitor, também com a participação dos discentes, e orientada pelo professor (orientador do programa), que contribuem para a formação acadêmica do estudante na Universidade, no intuito de melhorar os indicadores de ensino-aprendizagem que podem ser observados, por exemplo, no alcance dos seguintes objetivos: • Proporcionar condições de permanência e de sucesso dos alunos no processo ensino aprendizagem; • Contribuir para o envolvimento dos alunos nas atividades de docência, de pesquisa e de extensão; • Possibilitar a utilização do potencial do aluno assegurando-lhe uma formação profissional qualificada e sua plena inserção nas atividades acadêmicas da Universidade; • Intensificar e assegurar a cooperação entre professores e estudantes nas atividades básicas da instituição; • Implementar ações do Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de graduação e Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional. A experiência na monitoria pode ser considerada satisfatória para ambas as partes, pelo fato de que o monitor troca suas experiências com os colegas e com o professor, assim tendo uma concepção melhor de como auxiliar os alunos com eficiência, da forma mais clara e didática possível, pois a disciplina Educação Histórica é muito complexa na questão teórica, e abordam conceitos muito complexos, mas todos eles voltados para o processo de aprendizagem dos alunos e como esses alunos desenvolvem suas habilidades cognitivas, como desenvolvem sua consciência histórica, que serão benéficos na vida prática dos mesmos. Nesse resumo serão destacados pontos positivos e negativos desse período de monitoria, quais recursos foram utilizados, as bibliografias principalmente, para auxiliar os discentes, e como eles se apropriaram dessa troca de experiência com o professor e o monitor, para realização de atividades e leitura dos textos, no caso, para que compreendessem melhor os conteúdos propostos

Neurodegeneration and Glial Response after Acute Striatal Stroke: Histological Basis for Neuroprotective Studies

Stroke is a leading cause of death and neurological disability worldwide and striatal ischemic stroke is frequent in humans due to obstruction of middle cerebral artery. Several pathological events underlie damage progression and a comprehensive description of the pathological features following experimental stroke in both acute and chronic survival times is a necessary step for further functional studies. Here, we explored the patterns of microglial activation, astrocytosis, oligodendrocyte damage, myelin impairment, and Nogo-A immunoreactivity between 3 and 30 postlesion days (PLDs) after experimental striatal stroke in adult rats induced by microinjections of endothelin-1 (ET-1). The focal ischemia induced tissue loss concomitant with intense microglia activation between 3 and 14 PLDs (maximum at 7 PLDs), decreasing afterward. Astrocytosis was maximum around 7 PLDs. Oligodendrocyte damage and Nogo-A upregulation were higher at 3 PLDs. Myelin impairment was maximum between 7 and 14 PLDs. Nogo-A expression was higher in the first week in comparison to control. The results add important histopathological features of ET-1 induced stroke in subacute and chronic survival times. In addition, the establishment of the temporal evolution of these neuropathological events is an important step for future studies seeking suitable neuroprotective drugs targeting neuroinflammation and white matter damage

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ