Enhancing phosphorus and zinc acquisition efficiency in rice: a critical review of root traits and their potential utility in rice breeding

Background: Rice is the world's most important cereal crop and phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiency are major constraints to its production. Where fertilizer is applied to overcome these nutritional constraints it comes at substantial cost to farmers and the efficiency of fertilizer use is low. Breeding crops that are efficient at acquiring P and Zn from native soil reserves or fertilizer sources has been advocated as a cost-effective solution, but would benefit from knowledge of genes and mechanisms that confer enhanced uptake of these nutrients by roots. Scope: This review discusses root traits that have been linked to P and Zn uptake in rice, including traits that increase mobilization of P/Zn from soils, increase the volume of soil explored by roots or root surface area to recapture solubilized nutrients, enhance the rate of P/Zn uptake across the root membrane, and whole-plant traits that affect root growth and nutrient capture. In particular, this review focuses on the potential for these traits to be exploited through breeding programmes to produce nutrient-efficient crop cultivars. Conclusions: Few root traits have so far been used successfully in plant breeding for enhanced P and Zn uptake in rice or any other crop. Insufficient genotypic variation for traits or the failure to enhance nutrient uptake under realistic field conditions are likely reasons for the limited success. More emphasis is needed on field studies in mapping populations or association panels to identify those traits and underlying genes that are able to enhance nutrient acquisition beyond the level already present in most cultivars.T. J. Rose, S. M. Impa, M. T. Rose, J. Pariasca-Tanaka, A. Mori, S. Heuer, S. E. Johnson-Beebout and M. Wissuw

Grain Zn concentrations and yield of Zn-biofortified versus Zn-efficient rice genotypes under contrasting growth conditions

Higher grain Zn concentration in ‘biofortified’ rice genotypes, bred for high grain Zn concentration, should not be at the expense of reduced grain yield. This study examined the grain yield and grain Zn concentration of Zn-biofortified genotypes in field experiments in the Philippines. Zinc-biofortified genotypes (high grain Zn concentration in Zn-sufficient soil) were compared with efficient genotypes (tolerant of soil Zn deficiency), inefficient genotypes (sensitive to soil Zn deficiency) and check genotypes (popular local varieties) at four sites (Bay, Bohol, Bukidnon and IRRI) with differing types and degrees of Zn deficiency, over five cropping seasons (wet season 2012, 2014 and 2015 and dry season 2013 and 2015). A common experimental design and plot size were used with treatments (genotypes and Zn fertilization) arranged in a two-factorial randomized complete block design. The results showed that biofortified genotypes achieved both the Philippine grain yield target (4.0 t ha−1) and grain Zn biofortification target (30 mg kg−1 for brown rice) only when grown under Zn-sufficient conditions. In Zn-deficient soils, most Zn-biofortified and deficiency-tolerant genotypes reached the Zn concentration target but not the yield target, suggesting the need to correct the soil Zn-deficiency to prevent yield penalty. Further, results from IRRI showed that only Zn-fertilized plants were able to achieve the Zn biofortification target during the wet season; whereas during the dry season, when the soil was less chemically-reduced and therefore the soil Zn probably more plant-available, grain Zn levels were all above the threshold, with or without Zn fertilizer. This suggests that Zn fertilization may not be needed during the dry season in soils with sufficient potentially plant-available Zn

High day and night temperatures impact on cotton yield and quality—current status and future research direction

Abstract Heat waves, and an increased number of warm days and nights, have become more prevalent in major agricultural regions of the world. Although well adapted to semi-arid regions, cotton is vulnerable to high temperatures, particularly during flowering and boll development. To maintain lint yield potential without compromising its quality under high-temperature stress, it is essential to understand the effects of heat stress on various stages of plant growth and development, and associated tolerance mechanisms. Despite ongoing efforts to gather data on the effects of heat stress on cotton growth and development, there remains a critical gap in understanding the distinct influence of high temperatures during the day and night on cotton yield and quality. Also, identifying mechanisms and target traits that induce greater high day and night temperature tolerance is essential for breeding climate-resilient cotton for future uncertain climates. To bridge these knowledge gaps, we embarked on a rigorous and comprehensive review of published literature, delving into the impact of heat stress on cotton yields and the consequential losses in fiber quality. This review encompasses information on the effects of heat stress on growth, physiological, and biochemical responses, fertilization, cotton yield, and quality. Additionally, we discuss management options for minimizing heat stress-induced damage, and the benefits of integrating conventional and genomics-assisted breeding for developing heat-tolerant cotton cultivars. Finally, future research areas that need to be addressed to develop heat-resilient cotton are proposed