Taller de significados inéditos. Redefinición de conceptos siguiendo reglas lógicas

Resumen: El Taller de significados inéditos está concebido como una práctica filosófica para generar nuevos significados mediante la redefinición, siguiendo reglas lógicas, de conceptos del lenguaje ordinario. A partir de unas simples reglas y de un vocabulario seleccionado, los alumnos son capaces de pensar el lenguaje y recrear la realidad, alumbrando significados originales como expresión de su creatividad e imaginación. Junto a la mejora de la capacidad de definir —una de las operaciones básicas para articular el pensamiento—, el taller también puede servir para aprender a vincular conceptos e imágenes y para ejercitar el sentido crítico, así como para hacer uso del diccionario y las TIC.Abstract: The Studio of untold meanings has been conceived as a philosophical practise in order to generate new meanings, through redefinition of ordinary language concepts, following logical rules. Starting from simple rules and selected vocabulary, students are able to think the language and recreate reality, lighting up original meanings as expression of their creativity and imagination. Besides improving the ability to define—one of the basic operations of articulate thought—the studio can also help them to learn how to link concepts and images, exercise critical thinking and encourage the use of dictionaries and TIC

El contexto de la educación en la congregación salesiana: situación mundial y nuevos escenarios pedagógicos

Al hacer memoria de los rasgos típicos de la pedagogía de Don Bosco, nacida en el Valdocco del siglo XIX, descubrimos su aportación actual y significativa al mundo educativo de hoy. El santo de los jóvenes fue un hombre de acción, con fuertes intereses pedagógicos y un profundo conocimiento del momento histórico. El educador turinés ejercitó una lectura continuada y contrastada de las necesidades de los jóvenes de su tiempo, con el fin de adaptarse a ellos y encontrar las mejores respuestas posibles. En nuestros tiempos, en medio de la actual despersonalización y de la extrema subjetividad de modelos de comportamientos individuales y sociales, la modalidad constante de su acción educativo-pastoral tiene plena vigencia: la historia de la pedagogía es deudora de sus grandes intuiciones

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Prevents the Downregulation of the Cholinergic Phenotype in Axotomized Motoneurons of the Adult Rat

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially characterized by its activity on the vascular system. However, there is growing evidence indicating that VEGF also acts as a neuroprotective factor, and that its administration to neurons suffering from trauma or disease is able to rescue them from cell death. We questioned whether VEGF could also maintain damaged neurons in a neurotransmissive mode by evaluating the synthesis of their neurotransmitter, and whether its action would be direct or through its well-known angiogenic activity. Adult rat extraocular motoneurons were chosen as the experimental model. Lesion was performed by monocular enucleation and immediately a gelatine sponge soaked in VEGF was implanted intraorbitally. After 7 days, abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor nuclei were examined by immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the biosynthetic enzyme of the motoneuronal neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Lesioned motoneurons exhibited a noticeable ChAT downregulation which was prevented by VEGF administration. To explore whether this action was mediated via an increase in blood vessels or in their permeability, we performed immunohistochemistry against laminin, glucose transporter-1 and the plasmatic protein albumin. The quantification of the immunolabeling intensity against these three proteins showed no significant differences between VEGF-treated, axotomized and control animals. Therefore, the present data indicate that VEGF is able to sustain the cholinergic phenotype in damaged motoneurons, which is a first step for adequate neuromuscular neurotransmission, and that this action seems to be mediated directly on neurons since no sign of angiogenic activity was evident. These data reinforces the therapeutical potential of VEGF in motoneuronal diseases.España, MINECO and FEDER BFU2015-64515-PJunta de Andalucía and FEDER : P10-CVI605

Fructan synthesis is inhibited by phosphate in warm-grown, but not in cold-treated,excised barley leaves.

The inhibition by phosphate of fructan accumulation has been investigated in warm3 grown and cold-treated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants. • Detached leaves were incubated in water or phosphate for 24 h under lighting or in darkness. Fructosyltransferase, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and cytosolic fructose- 1, 6 - bisphosphatase (FBPase) activities were subsequently analysed, as well as the content of carbohydrates, hexose-phosphates, phosphate, amino acids and protein. • In warm-grown leaves, phosphate decreased fructan accumulation and total carbon in carbohydrates and did not affect protein contents. Phosphate increased hexose phosphates, phosphate and amino acids. Fructosyltransferase and FBPase activities were not affected by phosphate feeding, while SPS activity was inhibited by phosphate in incubations both in light and in darkness. In cold-treated leaves, which prior to incubation had higher SPS activities than warm-grown leaves, phosphate had no inhibitory effect on fructan accumulation, carbohydrate content or total carbon in carbohydrates. SPS and FBPase activities were unaffected by phosphate. • The results indicate that phosphate decreases fructan accumulation through an inhibition of SPS whenever this activity is not high prior to a rise in phosphate content.R. M. had a Ramón y Cajal research contract, and S.K. was the recipient of a grant for stays of foreign researchers in Spain, both from the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport. This work has been funded by the Junta de Castilla y León (Project CSI19/03).Peer reviewe

Diseño y construcción de un Bot de entretenimiento

Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) versa sobre la construcción de un ChatBot que permite a los usuarios pedir tanto por texto como por voz (en lenguaje castellano) recomendaciones por género y por similitud, información sobre películas y series. Para desarrollar este sistema ha sido necesario construir diversos módulos: un sistema de reconocedores de lenguaje natural castellano, una aplicación Android, un Bot y un sistema reconocimiento. La función principal del sistema de reconocedor de lenguaje natural es procesar la entrada de texto del usuario y extraer información de las intenciones del usuario y las palabras claves en el texto, para ello se hacen competir modelos estadísticos, redes de neuronas y gramáticas. La aplicación Android es la interfaz de entrada y salida de información, es el primer punto de acceso del usuario con el sistema., y es la interfaz que muestra la información del Bot al usuario. El sistema recomendador se encarga de dar recomendaciones a los usuarios usando modelos preentrenados, dichos modelos se basan en la aplicación de la similitud coseno y la función Kernel polinomial. Cabe destacar que la infraestructura de todo el sistema ha sido diseñada para ser ejecutada en la nube con scripts de despliegue automático usando la tecnología de contenedores Docker para hacer que los sistemas sean eficientes, eficaces y fáciles de mantener y monitorizar. Para desarrollar toda la tecnología mencionada se han llevado a cabo análisis sobre las tecnologías actuales y las que más beneficiarían al sistema en su conjunto para que este sistema transcienda más allá de este proyecto, y que sea mantenible y actualizable como un producto de mercado, beneficiando y ayudando a cualquier usuario que pretenda usar la aplicación.Ingeniería Informátic

Neuronal Premotor Networks Involved in Eyelid Responses: Retrograde Transneuronal Tracing with Rabies Virus from the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle in the Rat

Retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the right orbicularis oculi muscle was used to identify neural networks underlying spontaneous, reflex, and learned blinks. The kinetics of viral transfer was studied at sequential 12 hr intervals between 3 and 5 d after inoculation. Rabies virus immunolabeling was combined with the immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase expression in brainstem motoneurons or Fluoro-Ruby injections in the rubrospinal tract. Virus uptake involved exclusively orbicularis oculi motoneurons in the dorsolateral division of the facial nucleus. At 3-3.5 d, transneuronal transfer involved premotor interneurons of trigeminal, auditory, and vestibular reflex pathways (in medullary and pontine reticular formation, trigeminal nuclei, periolivary and ventral cochlear nuclei, and medial vestibular nuclei), motor pathways (dorsolateral quadrant of contralateral red nucleus and pararubral area), deep cerebellar nuclei (lateral portion of interpositus nucleus and dorsolateral hump ipsilaterally), limbic relays (parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei), and oculomotor structures involved in eye-eyelid coordination (oculomotor nucleus, supraoculomotor area, and interstitial nucleus of Cajal). At 4 d, higher order neurons were revealed in trigeminal, auditory, vestibular, and deep cerebellar nuclei (medial, interpositus, and lateral), oculomotor and visual-related structures (Darkschewitsch, nucleus of the posterior commissure, deep layers of superior colliculus, and pretectal area), lateral hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (particularly in parietal areas). At 4.5 and 5 d the labeling of higher order neurons occurred in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and blink-related areas of cerebellar cortex. These results provide a comprehensive picture of the premotor networks mediating reflex, voluntary, and limbic-related eyelid responses and highlight potential sites of motor learning in eyelid classical conditioning