277 research outputs found
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ / Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡ. ΠΠ±Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ.The universal approach of the NeuroNetsβ topology choice based on the created relative classifier and satisfied of the applied problem (or task) serviceβs criteria. The agent-oriented approach to choice the neuro-netβs topology is proposed. The logic scheme of the Artificial NeuroNetβs step-by-step synthesis is based and allows to automatizate the choice of the best NeuroNet for applied problem.ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ/Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ
A novel-type luciferin from Siberian luminous earthworm Fridericia heliota : structure elucidation by spectral studies and total synthesis
Author Posting. Β© The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53 (2014): 5566β5568, doi:10.1002/anie.201400529.We report structure elucidation and synthesis of the luciferin from the recently discovered luminous earthworm Fridericia heliota. This luciferin represents a key component of a novel ATP-dependent bioluminescence system. The UV, fluorescence, NMR and HRMS spectral studies were performed on 5 mkg of the isolated substance, and gave four isomeric structures, conforming with spectral data. These isomers were chemically synthesized and one of them was found to produce light in the reaction with a protein extract from Fridericia. The novel luciferin was found to have an unusual deeply modified peptidic nature, implying an unprecedented mechanism of action.We acknowledge support from the Program of the Government of the Russian Federation βMeasures to attract leading scientists to Russian educational institutionsβ (grant no. 11. G34.31.0058), the programs MCB RAS, President of the Russian Federation βLeading science schoolβ (grant 3951.2012.4) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 14-03-01015). B.M.S. was supported by a stipend from the Program of the President of the Russian Federation.2015-04-1
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π·ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ
ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π·Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π³ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π·Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π· Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π»ΡΠ½Π³Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.Results of experimental research of neuro-fuzzy model for manufacture objects and environment ordering tools coordination are reported. Results testify the advantages of neuro-fuzzy technologies usage for solving weakly fomalized of decision-makin problems with elements of an illegibility and linguistic uncertainty.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π·ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²
Π Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ². ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ· Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² Π· Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ· ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ.The article discusses class of problems related to material flows dispatching logistic. This class of problems has solutions that involve large quantity of approaches and methods taken from different branches of mathematics for creating models of studied systems. Current work offers using modern agent-oriented approach to solving such kind of engineering problems that was firstly used for creating expert decision making support systems and solving artificial intelligence problems.Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°
Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ£Π Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Internet-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΠ£Π. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΉ HTML-ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π·ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΠ£Π ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ
HTML-ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
.Analytical overview of existing methods and instruments for AEP creation is given. Programmatically implemented specialized application for increasing effectiveness of HTML-editing and content objects management functions in AEP and other HTML-oriented systems is proposed.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ£Π. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ HTML-ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΠ£Π ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
HTML-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Chirped pulse Raman amplification in warm plasma: towards controlling saturation
Stimulated Raman backscattering in plasma is potentially an efficient method of amplifying laser pulses to reach exawatt powers because plasma is fully broken down and withstands extremely high electric fields. Plasma also has unique nonlinear optical properties that allow simultaneous compression of optical pulses to ultra-short durations. However, current measured efficiencies are limited to several percent. Here we investigate Raman amplification of short duration seed pulses with different chirp rates using a chirped pump pulse in a preformed plasma waveguide. We identify electron trapping and wavebreaking as the main saturation mechanisms, which lead to spectral broadening and gain saturation when the seed reaches several millijoules for durations of 10's - 100's fs for 250 ps, 800 nm chirped pump pulses. We show that this prevents access to the nonlinear regime and limits the efficiency, and interpret the experimental results using slowly-varying-amplitude, current-averaged particle-in-cell simulations. We also propose methods for achieving higher efficiencies.close0
Transcriptomeβbased phylogeny of endemic Lake Baikal amphipod species flock: fast speciation accompanied by frequent episodes of positive selection
Endemic species flocks inhabiting ancient lakes, oceanic islands and other longβlived isolated habitats are often interpreted as adaptive radiations. Yet molecular evidence for directional selection during species flocks radiation is scarce. Using partial transcriptomes of 64 species of Lake Baikal (Siberia, Russia) endemic amphipods and two nonendemic outgroups, we report a revised phylogeny of this species flock and analyse evidence for positive selection within the endemic lineages. We confirm two independent invasions of amphipods into Baikal and demonstrate that several morphological features of Baikal amphipods, such as body armour and reduction in appendages and sensory organs, evolved in several lineages in parallel. Radiation of Baikal amphipods has been characterized by short phylogenetic branches and frequent episodes of positive selection which tended to be more frequent in the early phase of the second invasion of amphipods into Baikal when the most intensive diversification occurred. Notably, signatures of positive selection are frequent in genes encoding mitochondrial membrane proteins with electron transfer chain and ATP synthesis functionality. In particular, subunits of both the membrane and substrateβlevel ATP synthases show evidence of positive selection in the plankton species Macrohectopus branickii, possibly indicating adaptation to active plankton lifestyle and to survival under conditions of low temperature and high hydrostatic pressures known to affect membranes functioning. Other functional categories represented among genes likely to be under positive selection include Caβbinding muscleβrelated proteins, possibly indicating adaptation to Caβdeficient low mineralization Baikal waters.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136009/1/mec13927.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136009/2/mec13927_am.pd
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