1,369 research outputs found
The use of neural machine translation in translating Finnish news articles:an error analysis of the NMT service DeepL
Abstract. In this thesis, a brief overview of the functionality of the neural machine translation system DeepL is provided. Machine translation is an expanding field in translation studies, and it continuously provides us with new technology and applications to translate texts as accurately as possible. The aim of this study was to examine the capabilities of DeepL in translating Finnish news articles with no available reference translations. The reason for this was to prevent DeepL from finding completed translations and possibly benefitting from them, as neural machine translation systems seek data from sources available on the internet. The articles were selected randomly from the free internet news providers Yle and Iltalehti. The errors have been listed, categorized and analyzed in the section âAnalysisâ. Conclusions along with general discussion about the performance of DeepL can be found in the last section of this thesis. Overall, this thesis shows DeepLâs promising capability when translating news text. Still, it must be kept in mind that the aim of this thesis was not to seek perfect translations, but rather successful message transmission. The idea of machine translation being a worthy competitor to human-made translations in more specific areas of translation, such as medical or legal translation, is still far away. Still, any conducted research is vital for the progression and development of machine translation services. The analysis of this study provides examples of areas where DeepL is not sufficient. These areas include for example, the translation of new words, translation of pronouns and culture-specific terms. Instances when DeepL succeeds to make acceptable translations in one of the listed categories, have been presented also in the analysis section.NeuroverkkokÀÀntĂ€misen kĂ€yttö kÀÀnnettĂ€essĂ€ suomalaisia uutisartikkeleita : virheanalyysi DeepL:n toiminnasta. TiivistelmĂ€. KandidaatintyössĂ€ni kĂ€sitellÀÀn neuroverkkoihin perustuvan kÀÀnnösohjelman, DeepL:n suoriutumista kÀÀnnettĂ€essĂ€ suomalaisia uutistekstejĂ€. KĂ€ytettĂ€vĂ€t tekstit on poimittu Ylen ja Iltalehden ilmaisista nettiuutispalveluista. TyössĂ€ kĂ€ytettyjĂ€ uutistekstejĂ€ ei ole kÀÀnnetty englannin kielelle. TĂ€mĂ€ oletettavasti vĂ€lttÀÀ konekÀÀntöohjelmien hyötymisen valmiista kÀÀnnöksistĂ€, joka on tĂ€rkeÀÀ ottaen huomioon neuroverkkoihin perustuvien kÀÀntĂ€misohjelmien toimintaperusteet. KonekÀÀntĂ€minen on aiheena trendikĂ€s, ja kuuluu nykypĂ€ivĂ€nĂ€ sovellusten myötĂ€ osaksi lĂ€hes jokaisen elĂ€mÀÀ. Alan kehittymisen voi selvĂ€sti havaita tarkkailemalla koko ajan uudistuvia konekÀÀntöohjelmia. KÀÀnnetyistĂ€ teksteistĂ€ havaitut virheet on analysoitu virheanalyysin muodossa, ja johtopÀÀtökset esitetty tutkielman lopussa. Virheanalyysi on jaettu kategorioihin virhetyyppien perusteella. YleisellĂ€ tasolla voinee todeta, ettĂ€ DeepL suoriutuu hyvin kÀÀnnettĂ€essĂ€ suomalaista uutistekstiĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tavoitteena ei kuitenkaan ollut etsiĂ€ tĂ€ydellistĂ€ kÀÀntĂ€mistĂ€, vaan onnistunutta viestinvĂ€litystĂ€. Eri kÀÀntĂ€misen alat, kuten lÀÀketieteellinen kÀÀntĂ€minen ja lakitekstikÀÀntĂ€minen vaativat ÀÀrimmĂ€istĂ€ tarkkuutta, ja tĂ€ssĂ€ työssĂ€ esitettĂ€vien virhe-esimerkkien perusteella voinee todeta, ettĂ€ konekÀÀntĂ€minen ei vielĂ€ sovellu vaikkapa edellĂ€ mainittujen alojen tekstien kÀÀntĂ€miseen. KonekÀÀntĂ€minen on joka tapauksessa toimiva apuvĂ€line jokapĂ€ivĂ€isiin kieleen liittyviin ongelmiin, ja sen tutkiminen on tĂ€rkeÀÀ sen kehittĂ€miselle. Analyysini antaa pintaraapaisun siitĂ€, missĂ€ DeepL:n kaltaiset konekÀÀntöohjelmat eivĂ€t vielĂ€ suoriudu. VirheitĂ€ löytyi esimerkiksi pronominien kĂ€ytössĂ€, kulttuurille omien termien kÀÀnnöksessĂ€ ja uudissanojen kÀÀntĂ€misessĂ€. AnalyysissĂ€ on esitelty myös esimerkkejĂ€ tapauksista, joissa DeepL suoriutuu kÀÀntĂ€mÀÀn tiettyyn kategoriaan liittyvĂ€n tekstin osan onnistuneesti
Surface ruptures on cross-faults in the 24 November 1987 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake sequence
Left-lateral slip occurred on individual surface breaks along northeast-trending faults associated with the 24 November 1987 earthquake sequence in the Superstition Hills, Imperial Valley, California. This sequence included the M_s = 6.2 event on a left-lateral, northeast-trending âcross-faultâ between the Superstition Hills fault (SHF) and Brawley seismic zone, which was spatially associated with the left-lateral surface breaks. Six distinct subparallel cross-faults broke at the surface, with rupture lengths ranging from about Formula to 10 km and maximum displacements ranging from 30 to 130 mm. About half a day after the M_s = 6.2 event, an M_s = 6.6 earthquake nucleated near the intersection of the cross-faults with the SHF, and rupture propagated southeast along the SHF. Whereas right-lateral slip on the SHF occurred dominantly on a single trace in a narrow zone, the cross-fault surface slip was distributed over several stands across a 10-km-wide zone. Also, whereas afterslip accounted for a large proportion of total slip on the SHF, there is no evidence for afterslip on the cross-faults. We present documentation of these surface ruptures. A simple mechanical model of faulting illustrates how the foreshock sequence may have triggered the main rupture. Displacement on other cross-faults could trigger an event on the southern San Andreas fault by a similar mechanism in the future
Custom Design and Analysis of High-Density Oligonucleotide Bacterial Tiling Microarrays
Not until recently have custom made high-density oligonucleotide microarrays been available at an affordable price. The aim of this thesis was to design microarrays and analysis algorithms for DNA repair and DNA damage detection, and to apply the methods in real experiments.
Thomassen et al. have used their custom designed whole genome-tiling microarrays for detection of transcriptional changes in Escherichia coli after exposure to DNA damageing reagents. The transcriptional changes in E. coli treated with UV light or the methylating reagent MNNG were shown to be larger and to include far more genes than previously reported. To optimize the data analysis for the custom made arrays, Thomassen and coworkers designed their own normalization and analysis algorithms, and showed these more suitable than established methods that are currently applied on custom tiling arrays.
Among other findings several novel stress-induced transcripts were detected, of which one is predicted to be a UV-induced short transmembrane protein. Additionally, no upregulation of the previously described UV-inducible aidB is shown. In the MNNG study several genes are shown as downregulated in response to DNA damage although having upstream regulatory sequences similar to the established LexA box A and B. This indicates that the LexA regulon also might control gene repression and that the box A and B sequence can not alone answer for the LexA controlled gene regulation.
Thomassen et al. have also custom designed a microarray for oncogenic fusion gene detection. Cancer specific fusion genes are often used to subgroup cancers and to define the optimal treatment, but currently the laboratory detection procedure is both laborious and tedious. In a blinded study on six cancer cell lines proof of principle was shown by detection of six out of six positive controls. The design and analysis methods for this microarray are now being refined to make a diagnostic fusion gene detection tool
Determination of the Bending Rigidity of Graphene via Electrostatic Actuation of Buckled Membranes
The small mass and atomic-scale thickness of graphene membranes make them
highly suitable for nanoelectromechanical devices such as e.g. mass sensors,
high frequency resonators or memory elements. Although only atomically thick,
many of the mechanical properties of graphene membranes can be described by
classical continuum mechanics. An important parameter for predicting the
performance and linearity of graphene nanoelectromechanical devices as well as
for describing ripple formation and other properties such as electron
scattering mechanisms, is the bending rigidity, {\kappa}. In spite of the
importance of this parameter it has so far only been estimated indirectly for
monolayer graphene from the phonon spectrum of graphite, estimated from AFM
measurements or predicted from ab initio calculations or bond-order potential
models. Here, we employ a new approach to the experimental determination of
{\kappa} by exploiting the snap-through instability in pre-buckled graphene
membranes. We demonstrate the reproducible fabrication of convex buckled
graphene membranes by controlling the thermal stress during the fabrication
procedure and show the abrupt switching from convex to concave geometry that
occurs when electrostatic pressure is applied via an underlying gate electrode.
The bending rigidity of bilayer graphene membranes under ambient conditions was
determined to be eV. Monolayers have significantly lower
{\kappa} than bilayers
Epigenetic alterations in skin homing CD4+CLA+ T cells of atopic dermatitis patients
T cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) mediate pathogenic inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). The molecular alterations contributing to their dysregulation remain unclear. With the aim to elucidate putative altered pathways in AD we profiled DNA methylation levels and miRNA expression in sorted T cell populations (CD4+, CD4+CD45RA+ naïve, CD4+CLA+, and CD8+) from adult AD patients and healthy controls (HC). Skin homing CD4+CLA+ T cells from AD patients showed significant differences in DNA methylation in 40 genes compared to HC (p < 0.05). Reduced DNA methylation levels in the upstream region of the interleukin-13 gene (IL13) in CD4+CLA+ T cells from AD patients correlated with increased IL13 mRNA expression in these cells. Sixteen miRNAs showed differential expression in CD4+CLA+ T cells from AD patients targeting genes in 202 biological processes (p < 0.05). An integrated network analysis of miRNAs and CpG sites identified two communities of strongly interconnected regulatory elements with strong antagonistic behaviours that recapitulated the differences between AD patients and HC. Functional analysis of the genes linked to these communities revealed their association with key cytokine signaling pathways, MAP kinase signaling and protein ubiquitination. Our findings support that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of AD by affecting inflammatory signaling molecules in skin homing CD4+CLA+ T cells and uncover putative molecules participating in AD pathways. © 2020, The Author(s).Peer reviewe
Scaling Limits for Internal Aggregation Models with Multiple Sources
We study the scaling limits of three different aggregation models on Z^d:
internal DLA, in which particles perform random walks until reaching an
unoccupied site; the rotor-router model, in which particles perform
deterministic analogues of random walks; and the divisible sandpile, in which
each site distributes its excess mass equally among its neighbors. As the
lattice spacing tends to zero, all three models are found to have the same
scaling limit, which we describe as the solution to a certain PDE free boundary
problem in R^d. In particular, internal DLA has a deterministic scaling limit.
We find that the scaling limits are quadrature domains, which have arisen
independently in many fields such as potential theory and fluid dynamics. Our
results apply both to the case of multiple point sources and to the
Diaconis-Fulton smash sum of domains.Comment: 74 pages, 4 figures, to appear in J. d'Analyse Math. Main changes in
v2: added "least action principle" (Lemma 3.2); small corrections in section
4, and corrected the proof of Lemma 5.3 (Lemma 5.4 in the new version);
expanded section 6.
Clonal human fetal ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron precursors for cell therapy research
A major challenge for further development of drug screening procedures, cell replacement therapies and developmental studies is the identification of expandable human stem cells able to generate the cell types needed. We have previously reported the generation of an immortalized polyclonal neural stem cell (NSC) line derived from the human fetal ventral mesencephalon (hVM1). This line has been biochemically, genetically, immunocytochemically and electrophysiologically characterized to document its usefulness as a model system for the generation of A9 dopaminergic neurons (DAn). Long-term in vivo transplantation studies in parkinsonian rats showed that the grafts do not mature evenly. We reasoned that diverse clones in the hVM1 line might have different abilities to differentiate. In the present study, we have analyzed 9 hVM1 clones selected on the basis of their TH generation potential and, based on the number of v-myc copies, v-myc down-regulation after in vitro differentiation, in vivo cell cycle exit, TH+ neuron generation and expression of a neuronal mature marker (hNSE), we selected two clones for further in vivo PD cell replacement studies. The conclusion is that homogeneity and clonality of characterized NSCs allow transplantation of cells with controlled properties, which should help in the design of long-term in vivo experimentsThis work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (formerly Science and Innovation; PLE2009-0101,
SAF2010-17167), Comunidad AutĂłnoma Madrid (S2011-BMD-2336), Instituto Salud Carlos III (RETICS TerCel, RD06/0010/0009) and European Union (Excell, NMP4-SL-2008-214706). This work was also supported by an institutional grant from Foundation RamĂłn Areces to the Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ocho
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