The use of neural machine translation in translating Finnish news articles:an error analysis of the NMT service DeepL

Abstract. In this thesis, a brief overview of the functionality of the neural machine translation system DeepL is provided. Machine translation is an expanding field in translation studies, and it continuously provides us with new technology and applications to translate texts as accurately as possible. The aim of this study was to examine the capabilities of DeepL in translating Finnish news articles with no available reference translations. The reason for this was to prevent DeepL from finding completed translations and possibly benefitting from them, as neural machine translation systems seek data from sources available on the internet. The articles were selected randomly from the free internet news providers Yle and Iltalehti. The errors have been listed, categorized and analyzed in the section “Analysis”. Conclusions along with general discussion about the performance of DeepL can be found in the last section of this thesis. Overall, this thesis shows DeepL’s promising capability when translating news text. Still, it must be kept in mind that the aim of this thesis was not to seek perfect translations, but rather successful message transmission. The idea of machine translation being a worthy competitor to human-made translations in more specific areas of translation, such as medical or legal translation, is still far away. Still, any conducted research is vital for the progression and development of machine translation services. The analysis of this study provides examples of areas where DeepL is not sufficient. These areas include for example, the translation of new words, translation of pronouns and culture-specific terms. Instances when DeepL succeeds to make acceptable translations in one of the listed categories, have been presented also in the analysis section.Neuroverkkokääntämisen käyttö käännettäessä suomalaisia uutisartikkeleita : virheanalyysi DeepL:n toiminnasta. Tiivistelmä. Kandidaatintyössäni käsitellään neuroverkkoihin perustuvan käännösohjelman, DeepL:n suoriutumista käännettäessä suomalaisia uutistekstejä. Käytettävät tekstit on poimittu Ylen ja Iltalehden ilmaisista nettiuutispalveluista. Työssä käytettyjä uutistekstejä ei ole käännetty englannin kielelle. Tämä oletettavasti välttää konekääntöohjelmien hyötymisen valmiista käännöksistä, joka on tärkeää ottaen huomioon neuroverkkoihin perustuvien kääntämisohjelmien toimintaperusteet. Konekääntäminen on aiheena trendikäs, ja kuuluu nykypäivänä sovellusten myötä osaksi lähes jokaisen elämää. Alan kehittymisen voi selvästi havaita tarkkailemalla koko ajan uudistuvia konekääntöohjelmia. Käännetyistä teksteistä havaitut virheet on analysoitu virheanalyysin muodossa, ja johtopäätökset esitetty tutkielman lopussa. Virheanalyysi on jaettu kategorioihin virhetyyppien perusteella. Yleisellä tasolla voinee todeta, että DeepL suoriutuu hyvin käännettäessä suomalaista uutistekstiä. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena ei kuitenkaan ollut etsiä täydellistä kääntämistä, vaan onnistunutta viestinvälitystä. Eri kääntämisen alat, kuten lääketieteellinen kääntäminen ja lakitekstikääntäminen vaativat äärimmäistä tarkkuutta, ja tässä työssä esitettävien virhe-esimerkkien perusteella voinee todeta, että konekääntäminen ei vielä sovellu vaikkapa edellä mainittujen alojen tekstien kääntämiseen. Konekääntäminen on joka tapauksessa toimiva apuväline jokapäiväisiin kieleen liittyviin ongelmiin, ja sen tutkiminen on tärkeää sen kehittämiselle. Analyysini antaa pintaraapaisun siitä, missä DeepL:n kaltaiset konekääntöohjelmat eivät vielä suoriudu. Virheitä löytyi esimerkiksi pronominien käytössä, kulttuurille omien termien käännöksessä ja uudissanojen kääntämisessä. Analyysissä on esitelty myös esimerkkejä tapauksista, joissa DeepL suoriutuu kääntämään tiettyyn kategoriaan liittyvän tekstin osan onnistuneesti

Surface ruptures on cross-faults in the 24 November 1987 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake sequence

Left-lateral slip occurred on individual surface breaks along northeast-trending faults associated with the 24 November 1987 earthquake sequence in the Superstition Hills, Imperial Valley, California. This sequence included the M_s = 6.2 event on a left-lateral, northeast-trending “cross-fault” between the Superstition Hills fault (SHF) and Brawley seismic zone, which was spatially associated with the left-lateral surface breaks. Six distinct subparallel cross-faults broke at the surface, with rupture lengths ranging from about Formula to 10 km and maximum displacements ranging from 30 to 130 mm. About half a day after the M_s = 6.2 event, an M_s = 6.6 earthquake nucleated near the intersection of the cross-faults with the SHF, and rupture propagated southeast along the SHF. Whereas right-lateral slip on the SHF occurred dominantly on a single trace in a narrow zone, the cross-fault surface slip was distributed over several stands across a 10-km-wide zone. Also, whereas afterslip accounted for a large proportion of total slip on the SHF, there is no evidence for afterslip on the cross-faults. We present documentation of these surface ruptures. A simple mechanical model of faulting illustrates how the foreshock sequence may have triggered the main rupture. Displacement on other cross-faults could trigger an event on the southern San Andreas fault by a similar mechanism in the future

Custom Design and Analysis of High-Density Oligonucleotide Bacterial Tiling Microarrays

Not until recently have custom made high-density oligonucleotide microarrays been available at an affordable price. The aim of this thesis was to design microarrays and analysis algorithms for DNA repair and DNA damage detection, and to apply the methods in real experiments. Thomassen et al. have used their custom designed whole genome-tiling microarrays for detection of transcriptional changes in Escherichia coli after exposure to DNA damageing reagents. The transcriptional changes in E. coli treated with UV light or the methylating reagent MNNG were shown to be larger and to include far more genes than previously reported. To optimize the data analysis for the custom made arrays, Thomassen and coworkers designed their own normalization and analysis algorithms, and showed these more suitable than established methods that are currently applied on custom tiling arrays. Among other findings several novel stress-induced transcripts were detected, of which one is predicted to be a UV-induced short transmembrane protein. Additionally, no upregulation of the previously described UV-inducible aidB is shown. In the MNNG study several genes are shown as downregulated in response to DNA damage although having upstream regulatory sequences similar to the established LexA box A and B. This indicates that the LexA regulon also might control gene repression and that the box A and B sequence can not alone answer for the LexA controlled gene regulation. Thomassen et al. have also custom designed a microarray for oncogenic fusion gene detection. Cancer specific fusion genes are often used to subgroup cancers and to define the optimal treatment, but currently the laboratory detection procedure is both laborious and tedious. In a blinded study on six cancer cell lines proof of principle was shown by detection of six out of six positive controls. The design and analysis methods for this microarray are now being refined to make a diagnostic fusion gene detection tool

Reason-Resilience and security of geospatial data for critical infrastructures

Peer reviewe

Determination of the Bending Rigidity of Graphene via Electrostatic Actuation of Buckled Membranes

The small mass and atomic-scale thickness of graphene membranes make them highly suitable for nanoelectromechanical devices such as e.g. mass sensors, high frequency resonators or memory elements. Although only atomically thick, many of the mechanical properties of graphene membranes can be described by classical continuum mechanics. An important parameter for predicting the performance and linearity of graphene nanoelectromechanical devices as well as for describing ripple formation and other properties such as electron scattering mechanisms, is the bending rigidity, {\kappa}. In spite of the importance of this parameter it has so far only been estimated indirectly for monolayer graphene from the phonon spectrum of graphite, estimated from AFM measurements or predicted from ab initio calculations or bond-order potential models. Here, we employ a new approach to the experimental determination of {\kappa} by exploiting the snap-through instability in pre-buckled graphene membranes. We demonstrate the reproducible fabrication of convex buckled graphene membranes by controlling the thermal stress during the fabrication procedure and show the abrupt switching from convex to concave geometry that occurs when electrostatic pressure is applied via an underlying gate electrode. The bending rigidity of bilayer graphene membranes under ambient conditions was determined to be $35.5^{+20}_{-15}$ eV. Monolayers have significantly lower {\kappa} than bilayers

Epigenetic alterations in skin homing CD4+CLA+ T cells of atopic dermatitis patients

T cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) mediate pathogenic inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). The molecular alterations contributing to their dysregulation remain unclear. With the aim to elucidate putative altered pathways in AD we profiled DNA methylation levels and miRNA expression in sorted T cell populations (CD4+, CD4+CD45RA+ naïve, CD4+CLA+, and CD8+) from adult AD patients and healthy controls (HC). Skin homing CD4+CLA+ T cells from AD patients showed significant differences in DNA methylation in 40 genes compared to HC (p < 0.05). Reduced DNA methylation levels in the upstream region of the interleukin-13 gene (IL13) in CD4+CLA+ T cells from AD patients correlated with increased IL13 mRNA expression in these cells. Sixteen miRNAs showed differential expression in CD4+CLA+ T cells from AD patients targeting genes in 202 biological processes (p < 0.05). An integrated network analysis of miRNAs and CpG sites identified two communities of strongly interconnected regulatory elements with strong antagonistic behaviours that recapitulated the differences between AD patients and HC. Functional analysis of the genes linked to these communities revealed their association with key cytokine signaling pathways, MAP kinase signaling and protein ubiquitination. Our findings support that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of AD by affecting inflammatory signaling molecules in skin homing CD4+CLA+ T cells and uncover putative molecules participating in AD pathways. © 2020, The Author(s).Peer reviewe

Metamorphic testing as a test case selection strategy

Abstract not available

Scaling Limits for Internal Aggregation Models with Multiple Sources

We study the scaling limits of three different aggregation models on Z^d: internal DLA, in which particles perform random walks until reaching an unoccupied site; the rotor-router model, in which particles perform deterministic analogues of random walks; and the divisible sandpile, in which each site distributes its excess mass equally among its neighbors. As the lattice spacing tends to zero, all three models are found to have the same scaling limit, which we describe as the solution to a certain PDE free boundary problem in R^d. In particular, internal DLA has a deterministic scaling limit. We find that the scaling limits are quadrature domains, which have arisen independently in many fields such as potential theory and fluid dynamics. Our results apply both to the case of multiple point sources and to the Diaconis-Fulton smash sum of domains.Comment: 74 pages, 4 figures, to appear in J. d'Analyse Math. Main changes in v2: added "least action principle" (Lemma 3.2); small corrections in section 4, and corrected the proof of Lemma 5.3 (Lemma 5.4 in the new version); expanded section 6.

Clonal human fetal ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron precursors for cell therapy research

A major challenge for further development of drug screening procedures, cell replacement therapies and developmental studies is the identification of expandable human stem cells able to generate the cell types needed. We have previously reported the generation of an immortalized polyclonal neural stem cell (NSC) line derived from the human fetal ventral mesencephalon (hVM1). This line has been biochemically, genetically, immunocytochemically and electrophysiologically characterized to document its usefulness as a model system for the generation of A9 dopaminergic neurons (DAn). Long-term in vivo transplantation studies in parkinsonian rats showed that the grafts do not mature evenly. We reasoned that diverse clones in the hVM1 line might have different abilities to differentiate. In the present study, we have analyzed 9 hVM1 clones selected on the basis of their TH generation potential and, based on the number of v-myc copies, v-myc down-regulation after in vitro differentiation, in vivo cell cycle exit, TH+ neuron generation and expression of a neuronal mature marker (hNSE), we selected two clones for further in vivo PD cell replacement studies. The conclusion is that homogeneity and clonality of characterized NSCs allow transplantation of cells with controlled properties, which should help in the design of long-term in vivo experimentsThis work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (formerly Science and Innovation; PLE2009-0101, SAF2010-17167), Comunidad Autónoma Madrid (S2011-BMD-2336), Instituto Salud Carlos III (RETICS TerCel, RD06/0010/0009) and European Union (Excell, NMP4-SL-2008-214706). This work was also supported by an institutional grant from Foundation Ramón Areces to the Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ocho