Induced activation in accelerator components

The residual activity induced in particle accelerators is a serious issue from the point of view of radiation safety as the long-lived radionuclides produced by fast or moderated neutrons and impact protons cause problems of radiation exposure for staff involved in the maintenance work and when decommissioning the facility. This paper presents activation studies of the magnets and collimators in the High Energy Beam Transport line of the European Spallation Source due to the backscattered neutrons from the target and also due to the direct proton interactions and their secondaries. An estimate of the radionuclide inventory and induced activation are predicted using the GEANT4 code

The ZEPLIN-III dark matter detector: instrument design, manufacture and commissioning

We present details of the technical design and manufacture of the ZEPLIN-III dark matter experiment. ZEPLIN-III is a two-phase xenon detector which measures both the scintillation light and the ionisation charge generated in the liquid by interacting particles and radiation. The instrument design is driven by both the physics requirements and by the technology requirements surrounding the use of liquid xenon. These include considerations of key performance parameters, such as the efficiency of scintillation light collection, restrictions placed on the use of materials to control the inherent radioactivity levels, attainment of high vacuum levels and chemical contamination control. The successful solution has involved a number of novel design and manufacturing features which will be of specific use to future generations of direct dark matter search experiments as they struggle with similar and progressively more demanding requirements.Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures. Submitted to Astropart. Phys. Some figures down sampled to reduce siz

Talk about the perfection of the System of Time Limit for Quotations in Civil Actions in China

“公正与效率”是新时代司法制度改革的主题。为实现公正与效率，1999年最高人民法院公布了《人民法院五年改革纲要》，进一步要求在民事诉讼中加强当事人的举证责任。2001年12月21日最高人民法院公布《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》，由此确立了我国举证时限制度，标志着我国“证据随时提出主义”向“证据适时提出主义”的转变。该规定强化了当事人的举证，对于实现民事审判公正与效率，完善我国民事诉讼制度具有重要而深远的意义。本文除引言和结语外，分为三章。本文第一章从举证时限制度的含义出发，分析制度的构成及价值，指出保障民事诉讼当事人诉讼权利平等与公正及提高诉讼效率是举证时限制度所要实现的目标和价值取向。同时，...“Equity and efficiency” are the themes of the judicial system restructuring in the new epoch. In order to realize the equity and efficiency, the Supreme Court issued 《the program for the court reformation in five years》 in 1999. It claimed to strengthen the onus probandi for the parties in the civil actions ulteriorly. The Supreme Court issued 《Some Provisions on the Evidences in Civil Action》on D...学位：法律硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_法律硕士(JM)学号：X20010807

Measurement of the Atmospheric Muon Charge Ratio at TeV Energies with MINOS

The 5.4 kton MINOS far detector has been taking charge-separated cosmic ray muon data since the beginning of August, 2003 at a depth of 2070 meters-water-equivalent in the Soudan Underground Laboratory, Minnesota, USA. The data with both forward and reversed magnetic field running configurations were combined to minimize systematic errors in the determination of the underground muon charge ratio. When averaged, two independent analyses find the charge ratio underground to be 1.374 +/- 0.004 (stat.) +0.012 -0.010(sys.). Using the map of the Soudan rock overburden, the muon momenta as measured underground were projected to the corresponding values at the surface in the energy range 1-7 TeV. Within this range of energies at the surface, the MINOS data are consistent with the charge ratio being energy independent at the two standard deviation level. When the MINOS results are compared with measurements at lower energies, a clear rise in the charge ratio in the energy range 0.3 -- 1.0 TeV is apparent. A qualitative model shows that the rise is consistent with an increasing contribution of kaon decays to the muon charge ratio.Comment: 16 pages, 17 figure