La pratique de la délivrance artificielle et de la révision utérine par les sages-femmes : étude réalisée auprès de douze maternités publiques de Basse-Normandie

The aim of this research was to give an inventory within twelve public maternity of Lower Normandy on the practice of the manual removal of the placenta and the manual exploration of the uterus done by the midwives, eight years after adding those skills at code of ethics. The study was prospective, multicenter, and the study collected 121 midwives questionnaires, 15 from doctors and 22 from midwives students. The results showed that the midwives and students do not realize enough these gestures, despite demonstrated by the vast majority of midwives a real motivation to practice more. Health professionals as midwives and obstetricians believe that if midwives practicing more regularly the practice of the manual removal of the placenta and the manual exploration of the uterus, There would be less delay in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. It is necessary that the midwives and students can train and be comfortable with these emergency actions. High-fidelity simulation training seems to be interesting but it is important that midwives and students realize such acts in real life situations to be able to control these gestures.Ce mémoire avait pour but de dresser un état des lieux dans les douze maternités publiques de Basse-Normandie, sur la pratique de la délivrance artificielle et de la révision utérine par les sages-femmes, huit ans après l’ajout de ces compétences au code de déontologie. L’étude a été prospective, multicentrique, et a exploité 121 questionnaires sages-femmes, 15 médecins et 22 sur les étudiants sages-femmes. Les résultats ont montré que les sages-femmes et les étudiants ne réalisaient pas suffisamment ces gestes, malgré la mise en évidence par la grande majorité des sages-femmes d’une réelle motivation à en pratiquer davantage. Les professionnels de santé que sont les sages-femmes et les obstétriciens estiment que si les sages-femmes pratiquaient plus régulièrement la DA et la RU, il y aurait moins de retard dans la prise en charge d’une hémorragie du post-partum. Il est nécessaire que les sages-femmes et étudiants puissent se former et être à l’aise avec ces gestes d’urgence. La simulation haute-fidélité est une formation complémentaire, mais il est primordial que les sages-femmes et les étudiants réalisent ces actes dans des situations réelles pour avoir la maitrise de ces gestes

Natural Products and Hepatitis C Virus

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Efficient transcription obtained by a new procedure of the tRNA-like structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus by a template-dependent and specific viral RNA polymerase

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) was isolated by a simple, new method. An active, template-dependent and specific enzyme was obtained. Although the genomic RNA of TYMV could not be transcribed completely during an in vitro RdRp assay, a complete double-stranded product was obtained when a 3' terminal RNA fragment of 83 nucleotides was used as a template. The reaction product was identified as being of negative polarity by complete digestion With ribonuclease T1. Antibodies directed to part of the N-terminal (Ab140) or C-terminal (Ab66) in vitro autocleavage products of the large non-structural polyprotein of TYMV, could both partially inhibit RdRp activity. Further purification of the RdRp preparation by ion-exchange chromatography resulted in two activity peaks with different protein compositions. Both peak fractions retained high specificity for transcription of TYMV RNA. A protein of approximately 115 kDa was detected by both Ab140 and Ab66. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.Biophysical Structural Chemistr

Développement d’un comparateur cryogénique de courant (CCC) pour la métrologie des faibles courants

Un nouveau comparateur cryogénique de courant (CCC) a été développé au LNE. Avec un gain maximum de 30 000, il sera utilisé pour amplifier et mesurer les faibles courants générés par des pompes à électron actuellement à l’étude pour servir comme étalon quantique de courant. Cet article présente la conception et la réalisation du comparateur et les performances atteintes. Une résolution record très proche de 1 fA/Hz1/2 en régime de bruit blanc a été obtenue. Grâce à une géométrie inédite adoptée pour les enroulements, les phénomènes de résonance émanant des circuits LC par couplage de leur inductance aux capacités parasites existantes sont observes à des fréquences au delà de 1 kHz, n’affectant pas ainsi la bande passante du système. Un modèle èlectrique représentatif du comportement fréquentiel du CCC est en cours de développement

Expression of the 69K Movement Protein of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus in Insect Cells

AbstractThe nonstructural 69-kilodalton (K) protein of turnip yellow mosaic virus is necessary for systemic spread of the virus within the plant. To examine the behavior of the 69K proteinin vivo,antibodies were raised against the carboxy-terminal region of this protein. The full-length 69K protein was also expressed in insect cells using a recombinant baculovirus. Studies on the posttranslational modifications of the 69K protein in insect cells revealed that the protein is phosphorylated but not glycosylated. Further experiments of subcellular fractionation and indirect immunolocalization in insect cells showed that the 69K protein is localized in the cytoplasm and/or in the plasma membrane

Entry and Release of Hepatitis C Virus in Polarized Human Hepatocytes

International audienceHepatitis C virus (HCV) primarily infects hepatocytes, which are highly polarized cells. The relevance of cell polarity in the HCV life cycle has been addressed only in distantly related models and remains poorly understood. Although polarized epithelial cells have a rather simple morphology with a basolateral and an apical domain, hepatocytes exhibit complex polarization structures. However, it has been reported that some selected polarized HepG2 cell clones can exhibit a honeycomb pattern of distribution of the tight-junction proteins typical of columnar polarized epithelia, which can be used as a simple model to study the role of cell polarization in viral infection of hepatocytes. To obtain similar clones, HepG2 cells expressing CD81 (HepG2-CD81) were used, and clones were isolated by limiting dilutions. Two clones exhibiting a simple columnar polarization capacity when grown on a semipermeable support were isolated and characterized. To test the polarity of HCV entry and release, our polarized HepG2-CD81 clones were infected with cell culture-derived HCV. Our data indicate that HCV binds equally to both sides of the cells, but productive infection occurs mainly when the virus is added at the basolateral domain. Furthermore, we also observed that HCV virions are released from the basolateral domain of the cells. Finally, when polarized cells were treated with oleic acid and U0126, a MEK inhibitor, to promote lipoprotein secretion, a higher proportion of infectious viral particles of lower density were secreted. This cell culture system provides an excellent model to investigate the influence of cell polarization on the HCV life cycle.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C is a major health burden, with approximately 170 million persons infected worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) primarily infects hepatocytes, which are highly polarized cells with a complex organization. The relevance of cell polarity in the HCV life cycle has been addressed in distantly related models and remains unclear. Hepatocyte organization is complex, with multiple apical and basolateral surfaces. A simple culture model of HepG2 cells expressing CD81 that are able to polarize with unique apical and basolateral domains was developed to study HCV infection. With this model, we demonstrated that HCV enters and exits hepatocytes by the basolateral domain. Furthermore, lower-density viral particles were produced under conditions that promote lipoprotein secretion. This cell culture system provides a useful model to study the influence of cell polarization on HCV infection