Surgical Treatment and Major Complications within the First Year of Life in Newborns with Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia Gross Type a and B – a Systematic Review

Background The surgical repair of long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) is still a challenge and there is no consensus on the preferred method of reconstruction. We performed a systematic review of the surgical treatment of LGEA Gross type A and B with the primary aim to compare the postoperative complications related to the different methods within the first postoperative year. Methods Systematic literature review on the surgical repair of LGEA Gross type A and B within the first year of life published from January 01, 1996 to November 01, 2016. Results We included 57 articles involving a total of 326 patients of whom 289 had a Gross type A LGEA. Delayed primary anastomosis (DPA) was the most applied surgical method (68.4%) in both types, followed by gastric pull-up (GPU) (8.3%). Anastomotic stricture (53.7%), gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) (32.2%) and anastomotic leakage (22.7%) were the most common postoperative complications, with stricture and GER occurring more often after DPA (61.9% and 40.8% respectively) compared to other methods (pPeer reviewe

Dendritic and lymphocytic cell infiltration in prostate carcinoma

We examined the distribution of CD1a+ cells and CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in prostate cancer (PCa) and correlated these with clinicopathological parameters. We also investigated whether the distribution of these cells was related to the expression of the cell membrane protein B7-H3, a putative negative regulator of the immune response expressed on PCa cells. A cohort of 151 PCa patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) was followed prospectively from 1985 until 2006 with a median follow-up of 9 years. Whole-mount sections of PCa specimens were immunostained to identify immune cells. A low number of CD1a+ cells was significantly associated with a high Gleason score and high pathological stage of pT3. The number of CD1a+ cells correlated significantly with the number of intratumoral and stromal CD8+ and stromal CD4+ lymphocytes. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a tendency toward impaired biochemical progression-free survival in patients with few CD1a+ cells within their RP specimens. The expression of B7-H3 correlated inversely with the number of CD1a+ cells and intratumoral CD4+ lymphocytes; there was a trend for a similar inverse relationship between B7-H3 expression and the number of CD8+ lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that high-grade prostate carcinoma cells manipulate the immune system and that these changes contribute to the mechanism underlying tumor escape from immune surveillance

SHBG is an important factor in stemness induction of cells by DHT in vitro and associated with poor clinical features of prostate carcinomas.

Androgen plays a vital role in prostate cancer development. However, it is not clear whether androgens influence stem-like properties of prostate cancer, a feature important for prostate cancer progression. In this study, we show that upon DHT treatment in vitro, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were revealed with higher clonogenic potential and higher expression levels of stemness related factors CD44, CD90, Oct3/4 and Nanog. Moreover, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was also simultaneously upregulated in these cells. When the SHBG gene was blocked by SHBG siRNA knock-down, the induction of Oct3/4, Nanog, CD44 and CD90 by DHT was also correspondingly blocked in these cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of clinical samples disclosed weakly positive, and areas negative for SHBG expression in the benign prostate tissues, while most of the prostate carcinomas were strongly positive for SHBG. In addition, higher levels of SHBG expression were significantly associated with higher Gleason score, more seminal vesicle invasions and lymph node metastases. Collectively, our results show a role of SHBG in upregulating stemness of prostate cancer cells upon DHT exposure in vitro, and SHBG expression in prostate cancer samples is significantly associated with poor clinicopathological features, indicating a role of SHBG in prostate cancer progression

Immunohistochemistry of SHBG expression in prostate cancer tissues.

<p>(A) Positive and negative control of SHBG in liver tissues. (B) Weak SHBG positivity is shown in a benign prostate tumor and strong SHBG immunoreactivity is revealed in a malignant Gleason score 8 cancer tissue. (C) Representative immunohistochemical images of different scores of prostate cancer samples are shown. Bar scale in all of the images is 150 µm.</p

DHT upregulates AR expression and increases PSA secretion in LNCaP cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) DHT upregulates AR expression in LNCaP cells in both time-dependent and concentration-dependent manners (left panel); there are also higher levels of PSA in the DHT treated cells revealed by the ELISA method (right panel). (<b>B</b>) Immunocytochemistry shows nuclear positivity of AR in LNCaP cells and its expression is upregulated by DHT treatment; but AR expression is negative in the PC-3 cells with/without DHT treatment (bar scale: 50 µm).</p

Clinical and pathologic characteristics for 117 patients with malignant prostate cancer.

<p>PSA, prostatic specific antigen.</p

DHT induces cell growth and clonogenicity in prostate cancer cell lines.

<p>(A) Cell growth curves show statistically significant difference in LNCaP cells with/without DHT treatment, but not in PC-3 cells (* means <i>P</i><0.05). (B) Representative photographs of colony formation in both cell lines demonstrate that more colonies were formed by 1 nM DHT treatment and even more colonies were obtained by 10 nM DHT treatment (bar scale: 50 mm). (C) Histograms of colony formation efficiency show statistically higher efficiencies in the cells treated with low concentration of DHT (<i>P</i><0.01), and even higher efficiencies in the cells by high concentration of DHT (<i>P</i><0.001). (D) Representative photographs for sphere formation for both cell lines in the cells with/without DHT treatment (bar scale: 50 µm). (E) Histograms for sphere formation efficiency show higher efficiencies in the cells added with 1 nM DHT (<i>P</i><0.05), and even higher efficiencies in the cells stimulated with 10 nM DHT (<i>P</i><0.01).</p

Stem-like phenotype analyses by flow cytometry.

<p>(A–C) CD44, CD24 and CD90 expressions were analyzed by flow cytometry in LNCaP and PC-3 cells cultivated with/without DHT in 10 nM for 48 hours. CD44 was induced by DHT treatment in both cell lines (A). No statistically significant difference of CD24 expression level was shown in both cell lines (B). CD90 expression was significantly increased by DHT stimulation in both cell lines (C). (* means <i>P</i><0.05).</p