Nitric oxide molecular targets: reprogramming plant development upon stress

[EN] Plants are sessile organisms that need to complete their life cycle by the integration of different abiotic and biotic environmental signals, tailoring developmental cues and defense concomitantly. Commonly, stress responses are detrimental to plant growth and, despite the fact that intensive efforts have been made to understand both plant development and defense separately, most of the molecular basis of this trade-off remains elusive. To cope with such a diverse range of processes, plants have developed several strategies including the precise balance of key plant growth and stress regulators [i.e. phytohormones, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Among RNS, nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gasotransmitter involved in redox homeostasis that regulates specific checkpoints to control the switch between development and stress, mainly by post-translational protein modifications comprising S-nitrosation of cysteine residues and metals, and nitration of tyrosine residues. In this review, we have sought to compile those known NO molecular targets able to balance the crossroads between plant development and stress, with special emphasis on the metabolism, perception, and signaling of the phytohormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid during abiotic and biotic stress responses

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Memoria ID-112. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021

Nitric oxide overproduction by cue1 mutants differs on developmental stages and growth conditions

The cue1 nitric oxide (NO) overproducer mutants are impaired in a plastid phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator, mainly expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. cue1 mutants present an increased content of arginine, a precursor of NO in oxidative synthesis processes. However, the pathways of plant NO biosynthesis and signaling have not yet been fully characterized, and the role of CUE1 in these processes is not clear. Here, in an attempt to advance our knowledge regarding NO homeostasis, we performed a deep characterization of the NO production of four different cue1 alleles (cue1-1, cue1-5, cue1-6 and nox1) during seed germination, primary root elongation, and salt stress resistance. Furthermore, we analyzed the production of NO in different carbon sources to improve our understanding of the interplay between carbon metabolism and NO homeostasis. After in vivo NO imaging and spectrofluorometric quantification of the endogenous NO levels of cue1 mutants, we demonstrate that CUE1 does not directly contribute to the rapid NO synthesis during seed imbibition. Although cue1 mutants do not overproduce NO during germination and early plant development, they are able to accumulate NO after the seedling is completely established. Thus, CUE1 regulates NO homeostasis during post-germinative growth to modulate root development in response to carbon metabolism, as different sugars modify root elongation and meristem organization in cue1 mutants. Therefore, cue1 mutants are a useful tool to study the physiological effects of NO in post-germinative growth

Singlet oxygen triggers chloroplast rupture and cell death in the zeaxanthin epoxidase defective mutant aba1 of Arabidopsis thaliana under high light stress

[EN] The two Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, aba1 and max4, were previously identified as sharing a number of coregulated genes with both the flu mutant and Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures exposed to high light (HL). On this basis, we investigated whether aba1 and max4 were generating high amounts of singlet oxygen (1O2) and activating 1O2-mediated cell death. Thylakoids of aba1 produced twice as much 1O2 as thylakoids of max4 and wild type (WT) plants when illuminated with strong red light. 1O2 was measured using the spin probe 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone hydrochloride. 77-K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoids revealed lower aggregation of the light harvesting complex II in aba1. This was rationalized as a loss of connectivity between photosystem II (PSII) units and as the main cause for the high yield of 1O2 generation in aba1. Upregulation of the 1O2 responsive gene AAA-ATPase was only observed with statistical significant in aba1 under HL. Two early jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes, JAZ1 and JAZ5, encoding for two repressor proteins involved in the negative feedback regulation of JA signalling, were not up-regulated to the WT plant levels. Chloroplast aggregation followed by chloroplast rupture and eventual cell death was observed by confocal imaging of the fluorescence emission of leaf cells of transgenic aba1 plants expressing the chimeric fusion protein SSU-GFP. Cell death was not associated with direct 1O2 cytotoxicity in aba1, but rather with a delayed stress response. In contrast, max4 did not show evidence of 1O2-mediated cell death. In conclusion, aba1 may serve as an alternative model to other 1O2-overproducing mutants of Arabidopsis for investigating 1O2-mediated cell death

Morphosyntatic assessment in adolescents and young people with Down Syndrome

Las personas con síndrome de Down presentan una especial dificultad en el desarrollo de su lenguaje oral, especialmente en su aspecto expresivo, lo que influye en su capacidad de expresar mensajes que transmitan sus sentimientos, ideas, opiniones… Para buscar una respuesta psicoeducativa adecuada que mejore su expresión oral, se considera adecuado realizar, primero, una evaluación específica de los elementos morfosintácticos que componen dicha expresión. Esta evaluación se ha realizado en una muestra de dieciocho adolescentes de la Asociación Síndrome de Down de Extremadura con edades comprendidas entre los trece y veintiún años de edad aplicándoseles pruebas específicas morfosintácticas para valorar esas necesidades. Los resultados obtenidos muestran sus necesidades educativas específicas en el área expresiva, las cuales orientarán el desarrollo de una intervención adecuada.People with Down syndrome have particular difficulty in language development, mainly in expressive language. These difficulties influence on their ability to express feelings, ideas, opinions… Thus, it is necessary to do a specific evaluation of morphosyntactic components of the language to look for a properly psychoeducational response. were evaluated by means the above program. Standard and nonstandard specific morphosyntactic tests have been applied to evaluate their needs. Here, results of above evaluation of different morphosyntactic components are shown. These results will let us to know the specific educative needs of these people in relation to expressive area. These ones will guide the development of appropriate educational practice.Eighteen young people and teenagers with Down syndrome aged between 13 and 21peerReviewe

Nitric oxide alters the pattern of auxin maxima and PIN-FORMED1 during shoot development

Hormone patterns tailor cell fate decisions during plant organ formation. Among them, auxins and cytokinins are critical phytohormones during early development. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates root architecture by the control of auxin spatial patterns. However, NO involvement during the coordination of shoot organogenesis remains unclear. Here, we explore the effect of NO during shoot development by using a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana and get new insights into the characterization of NO-mediated leaf-related phenotypes. NO homeostasis mutants are impaired in several shoot architectural parameters, including phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongation, silique production, leaf number, and margin. Auxin distribution is a key feature for tissue differentiation and need to be controlled at different levels (i.e., synthesis, transport, and degradation mechanisms). The phenotypes resulting from the introduction of the cue1 mutation in the axr1 auxin resistant and pin1 backgrounds exacerbate the relationship between NO and auxins. Using the auxin reporter DR5:GUS, we observed an increase in auxin maxima under NO-deficient mutant backgrounds and NO scavenging, pointing to NO-ASSOCIATED 1 (NOA1) as the main player related to NO production in this process. Furthermore, polar auxin transport is mainly regulated by PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1), which controls the flow along leaf margin and venations. Analysis of PIN1 protein levels shows that NO controls its accumulation during leaf development, impacting the auxin mediated mechanism of leaf building. With these findings, we also provide evidence for the NO opposite effects to determine root and shoot architecture, in terms of PIN1 accumulation under NO overproduction

Understanding contemporary wall paintings as a previous step to conservation: a cataloguing project for contemporary wall paintings in the city of Valencia

En este estudio se analizan las principales diferencias que presentan los murales contemporáneos con respecto a la pintura mural tradicional, tanto desde el punto de vista conceptual: nuevos discursos, nuevas ideas y nuevos planteamientos, como tecnológico: nuevas técnicas y nuevos materiales constitutivos. A través de este análisis se pondrán de manifiesto aspectos nuevos a considerar a la hora de plantear una metodología de intervención que tendrá que ser específica para este tipo de obras. Las conclusiones obtenidas hasta la fecha son el primer resultado de un proyecto de I+D+I financiado por la Consellería de Cultura, Tecnología y Ciencia para la catalogación y estudio técnico de los murales contemporáneos de la ciudad de Valencia. Este proyecto tiene como finalidad el conocimiento y la difusión de una parte concreta del patrimonio artístico contemporáneo, que por no ser museístico queda a veces relegado a un segundo plano de interés. El objetivo final es el de generar una base de datos de carácter técnico que sirva como fuente de documentación para llevar un mantenimiento de estas obras y para afrontar futuras intervenciones.In this study we analyse the principle differences between contemporary wall paintings and traditional ones, both from a conceptual perspective: new speeches, ideas and planning; and a technological perspective: new techniques and materials. Through this analysis we outline the new aspects to take into account when planning an intervention that is specific for each object. The obtained conclusions to date are the first results of an I+D+I project financed by the Regional Ministry of Culture, Technology and Science for the classification and technical study of contemporary wall paintings of Valencia. The scope of this project is to diffuse knowledge of this particular form of contemporary artistic heritage, which is not included in the museum context and is, therefore, left to one side. The final goal is to create a technical database that can serve as a documentation source so that these works of art can be preserved and may face future interventions.Sánchez Pons, M.; Clavel Piá, I.; Rabanaque Vicente, T.; Nebot Diaz, E. (2006). El conocimiento del mural contemporáneo, un paso previo a su restauración: proyecto para la catalogación de murales contemporáneos en la ciudad de Valencia. Arché. (1):53-58. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/323645358

Adicción a las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (NTICS) y ansiedad en adolescentes

El creciente avance de las NTICs en la sociedad actual se ha relacionado con patrones de adicción y otros síntomas como ansiedad en la población adolescente. El presente estudio pretende analizar la relación entre el uso de NTICs y la adicción, asi como determinados estados y rasgos de ansiedad. Se ha utilizado un total de 82 alumnos del “IES Sabina Mora”, en Roldán, (Murcia). Los resultados muestran relaciones significativas entre uso de NTICs y nivel de adicción y ansiedad, tanto estado como rasgo. Esto parece implicar que el acceso a las nuevas realidades virtuales tiene grandes consecuencias positivas aunque también negativas como los patrones adictivos de algunos adolescentes y el grado de ansiedad que experimentan.The explosion of new technologies is revolutionizing the teenagers’ environment. The growing development of ICTs has been associated with patterns of addiction in the adolescent population and other symptoms such as anxiety. This study examined the relationship between the use of ICTs and addiction, as well as certain state and trait anxiety. We are based on a sample of 82 students from the high school “IES Sabina Mora” in Roldán (Murcia). The results show significant relationships between the use of ICTs and the level of addiction and anxiety (both state and trait). This seems to imply that access to the new virtual realities has large positive effects but also negative andaddictive patterns of some teenagers and the degree of anxiety they experience

El flow y el estudio de la lengua francesa en universitarios

La motivación intrínseca está relacionada con el concepto de estados de flujo o Flow (estados de máxima concentración y disfrute) y es un elemento a tener en cuenta a la hora de adquirir las destrezas lingüísticas de un idioma. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las diferencias entre la experiencia de Flow de estudiantes con distintos perfiles académico-profesionales durante las clases de una asignatura de francés. Se ha utilizado para ello una escala de Flow Disposicional con respuestas tipo Likert a 118 alumnos de la Universidad de Murcia. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en cuanto a las experiencias de Flow en los estudiantes de Grado de Lengua Francesa con respecto a grupos de otras titulaciones. Esto puede deberse a que los estudiantes de Grado de Lengua Francesa consiguen un adecuado equilibrio entre habilidad y reto, condición necesaria para alcanzar estados de Flow.Intrinsic motivation is related to the concept of Flow or flow statements (states of maximum concentration and enjoyment) and it’s an element to consider when acquiring language skills. The aim of the study is to analyze the differences between the experience of Flow in students with different academic and professional profiles during French subject. It has been used in a scale of dispositional flow with Likert responses to 118 students of the University of Murcia. The results show significant differences in the experiences of Flow in grading students French language groups in relation to anotherpeerReviewe

Anticoagulantes orales directos frente a antagonistas de la vitamina K en pacientes del «mundo real» con fibrilación auricular no valvular: estudio FANTASIIA

Observational study[Abstract] Introduction and objectives: To compare the long-term results of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in real-world-patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in a nationwide, prospective study. Methods: The FANTASIIA registry prospectively included outpatients with AF anticoagulated with DOAC or VKA (per protocol, proportion of VKA and DOAC 4:1), consecutively recruited from June 2013 to October 2014 in Spain. The incidence of major events was analyzed and compared according to the anticoagulant treatment received. Results: A total of 2178 patients were included in the study (mean age 73.8±9.4 years), and 43.8% were women. Of these, 533 (24.5%) received DOAC and 1645 (75.5%) VKA. After a median follow up of 32.4 months, patients receiving DOAC vs those receiving VKA had lower rates of stroke-0.40 (95%CI, 0.17-0.97) vs 1.07 (95%CI,0.79-1.46) patients/y, P=.032-, severe bleedings-2.13 (95%CI, 1.45-3.13) vs 3.28 (95%CI, 2.75-3.93) patients/y; P = .044-, cardiovascular death-1.20 (95%CI, 0.72-1.99) vs 2.45 (95%CI, 2.00-3.00) patients/y; P = .009-, and all-cause death-3.77 (95%CI, 2.83-5.01) vs 5.54 (95%CI, 4.83-6.34) patients/y; P = .016-. In a modified Cox regression model by the Andersen-Gill method for multiple events, hazard ratios for patients receiving DOAC were: 0.42 (0.16-1.07) for stroke; 0.47 (0.20-1.16) for total embolisms; 0.76 (0.50-1.15) for severe bleedings; 0.67 (0.39-1.18) for cardiovascular death; 0.86 (0.62-1.19) for all-cause death, and 0.82 (0.64-1.05) for the combined event consisting of stroke, embolism, severe bleeding, and all-cause death. Conclusions: Compared with VKA, DOAC is associated with a trend to a lower incidence of all major events, including death, in patients with NVAF in Spain.[Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. Comparar los resultados a largo plazo de los anticoagulantes orales directos (ACOD) frente a los antagonistas de la vitamina K (AVK) en pacientes del mundo real con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) en un estudio nacional prospectivo. Métodos. El estudio FANTASIIA incluyó consecutivamente a pacientes ambulatorios con FANV anticoagulados con ACOD o AVK desde junio de 2013 hasta octubre de 2014. Se compararon las tasas de eventos según el anticoagulante administrado. Resultados. Se incluyó a 2.178 pacientes (edad, 73,8 ± 9,4 años; el 43,8% mujeres); de ellos, 533 (24,5%) recibían ACOD y 1.645 (75,5%), AVK. Tras una mediana de seguimiento de 32,4 meses, los pacientes con ACOD tuvieron tasas más bajas de ictus —0,40 (IC95%, 0,17-0,97) frente a 1,07 (IC95%, 0,79-1,46) pacientes/año; p = 0,032—, hemorragias mayores —2,13 (IC95%, 1,45-3,13) frente a 3,28 (IC95%, 2,75-3,93) pacientes/año; p = 0,044—, muerte cardiovascular —1,20 (IC95%, 0,72-1,99) frente a 2,45 (IC95%, 2,00-3,00) pacientes/año; p = 0,009— y muerte total —3,77 (IC95%, 2,83-5,01) frente a 5,54 (IC95%, 4,83-6,34) pacientes/año; p = 0,016—. En el análisis de Cox modificado según el método de Andersen-Gill para datos con múltiples eventos, las razones de riesgos instantáneos para los pacientes con ACOD fueron 0,42 (0,16-1,07) para el ictus; 0,47 (0,20-1,16) para la embolia sistémica en general; 0,76 (0,50-1,15) para las hemorragias mayores; 0,67 (0,39-1,18) para la muerte cardiovascular; 0,86 (0,62-1,19) para la mortalidad total y 0,82 (0,64-1,05) para el combinado de ictus, embolias, hemorragias mayores y muerte. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con ACOD se asocia con una tendencia a una menor tasa de todos los eventos graves, incluida la mortalidad, en relación con los AVK en pacientes con FANV en España