Heterodoxia vs. Ortodoxia: generadores de desarrollo en Sudamérica

Latinoamérica ha sido un territorio influenciado por muchas filosofías e ideas, que han generado una serie de corrientes que serán objeto de estudio -- Modelos económicos heterodoxas y ortodoxas que tienen como único fin el desarrollo socioeconómico de sus habitantes -- Este documento se basará en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Perú y Venezuela en la que se encuentran diversos modelos, en donde se evaluará sus decisiones en términos de dos indicadores, Gini e IDH para medir el impacto de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos durante los últimos 20 años -- Los resultados obtenidos en el modelo desarrollado en este trabajo muestran que la doctrina heterodoxa impacta más positivamente ambos indicadores de desarrollo -- Y su estimación econométrica se hizo por medio de panel de dato

Diversity-dependent cladogenesis throughout western Mexico: Evolutionary biogeography of rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalinae: Crotalus and Sistrurus)

Rattlesnakes (Crotalus and Sistrurus) represent a radiation of approximately 42 species distributed throughout the New World from southern Canada to Argentina. Interest in this enigmatic group of snakes continues to accrue due, in part, to their ecomorphological diversity, contributions to global envenomations, and potential medicinal importance. Although the group has garnered substantial attention from systematists and evolutionary biologists for decades, little is still known regarding patterns of lineage diversification. In addition, few studies have statistically quantified broad-scale biogeographic patterns in rattlesnakes to ascertain how dispersal occurred throughout the New World, particularly among the different major biomes of the Americas. To examine diversification and biogeographic patterns in this group of snakes we assemble a multilocus data set consisting of over 6700 bp encompassing three nuclear loci (NT-3, RAG-1, C-mos) and seven mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, ATPase6, ATPase8, ND4, ND5, cytb). Fossil-calibrated phylogenetic and subsequent diversification rate analyses are implemented using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, to examine their evolutionary history and temporal dynamics of diversity. Based on ancestral area reconstructions we explore dispersal patterns throughout the New World. Cladogenesis occurred predominantly during the Miocene and Pliocene with only two divergences during the Pleistocene. Two different diversification rate models, advocating diversity-dependence, are strongly supported. These models indicate an early rapid radiation followed by a recent speciation rate decline. Biogeographic analyses suggest that the high elevation pine-oak forests of western Mexico served as a major speciation pump for the majority of lineages, with the desert biome of western North America colonized independently at least twice. All together, these results provide evidence for rapid diversification of rattlesnakes throughout the Mexican highlands during the Neogene, likely in response to continual orogenesis of Mexico’s major mountain systems, followed by more recent dispersal into desert and tropical biomes

Dispositivo para el control automático del nivel de presión sonora en un establecimiento comercial de Medellín según la normativa colombiana

Taking into account the problem due to the noise that occurs in the immediate vicinity and adjacent areas of the 33rd avenue in Medellin-Colombia, and in order to mitigate the conditions that this may cause, it is decided to face a project to control automatically the high sound pressure levels that are emitted by a commercial establishment, this commercial establishment, named “Aky Nos Vemos”, is located on 33. In order to deal with the conflict generated due to the high levels of sound pressure emitted by the establishment, previously evidenced by means of acoustic measurements, it is decided to project a solution by means of a prototype for the automation of sound pressure levels, so that when the maximum levels permissible, dictated in resolution 0627 of 2006, are exceeded, said prototype performs an automatic control and maintains the levels within those allowed for the most restrictive zone. The limiter prototype for automatic control of sound pressure levels was implemented through an Arduino development platform, which was programmed to control sound pressure levels and keep them within the permissible limits; However, at the time of the implementation of the prototype in the commercial establishment, there were irregularities in its operation, mainly due to the high levels of power to which the prototype was subjectedTeniendo en cuenta la problemática debida al ruido que se presenta en inmediaciones y áreas colindantes de la avenida 33 en Medellín-Colombia, y con el fin de mitigar las afecciones que ésta puede acarrear, se decide hacer frente a un proyecto mediante el cual se pueda realizar un control automatizado para los niveles de presión sonora emitidos por uno de los locales comerciales involucrados en dicha problemática, este establecimiento comercial, de nombre “Aky Nos Vemos”, está ubicado en la avenida 33. Para tratar el conflicto generado debido a los altos niveles de presión sonora emitidos por el establecimiento, previamente evidenciados por medio de mediciones acústicas, se decide proyectar una solución mediante un prototipo para la automatización de niveles de presión sonora, de tal manera que cuando los niveles máximos permisibles, dictados en la resolución 0627 de 2006, sean superados, dicho prototipo realice un control automático y mantenga los niveles dentro de los permitidos para la zona más restrictiva. El prototipo limitador para control automático de los niveles de presión sonora se implementó mediante una plataforma de desarrollo Arduino, la cual fue programada para que controle los niveles de presión sonora y mantenerlos dentro de los límites permisibles; sin embargo, al momento de la implementación del prototipo en el establecimiento comercial, se presentaron irregularidades en su funcionamiento, debidas principalmente a los altos niveles de potencia a los cuales fue sometido el prototip

Diseño y construcción de una máquina despulpadora de ovos

With the construction of the plum´s machine pulper the main goal is to extract the fruit pulp efficiently. At the moment to choose the correct alternative of design, some parameters were studied between them. The most important was the surveys applied to the plum´s residents and farmers from the Parish Ambuquí in Ibarra located at the Imbabura Province, determining that the indispensable factors were analyzed and concluded with the selection of a pulping machine of horizontally position. For the appropriate operation of the machine is necessary that the fruit (plum) is at an appropriate maturity level because at the moment of entering to the pulping process the scrapers work correctly and we obtain a better quality from the pulp. The sieve has perforations of 3mm of diameter that permits to obtain ideal pulp for of the plum´s products derivatives elaboration. The machine has a motor of 1,5HP monophasic that permits to install at any places were electric power is available. The construction of the machine was made with material of stainless steel AISI 304, and the welding process used to assembly the machine parts is GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding).Con la construcción de la máquina despulpadora de ovos se tiene como finalidad extraer la pulpa de la fruta de manera eficiente. En el momento de elegir la correcta alternativa de diseño, algunos parámetros fueron estudiados entre ellos los más importantes fueron las encuestas realizadas a los habitantes y cultivadores de ovos de la parroquia de Ambuquí del cantón Ibarra provincia de Imbabura, determinando factores indispensables que al ser analizados se concluyó con la selección de una máquina despulpadora de posición horizontal. Para el adecuado funcionamiento de la máquina es necesario que la fruta (ovo) se encuentre en un grado de madurez adecuado porque al momento de ingresar al proceso de despulpado los raspadores trabajan correctamente y especialmente se obtiene pulpa de mejor calidad. El tamiz tiene perforaciones de 3 mm de diámetro, que permite obtener pulpa ideal para la elaboración de los productos derivados del ovo. La máquina dispone de un motor de 1,5HP monofásico que permite ser instalado en cualquier sitio que disponga de energía eléctrica. La construcción de la máquina se realizó con material de acero inoxidable AISI 304, el proceso de soldadura utilizado para el ensamble de las partes de la máquina es GTAW (Gas Tugsten Arc Welding

Desarrollo intelectual en niños con enfermedades metabólicas congénitas: experiencia en una unidad de medicina familiar

ResumenObjetivoevaluar el coeficiente intelectual (ci) de pacientes diagnosticados con Enfermedad Metabólica Congénita (emc) a través del tamiz neonatal ampliado y mediante escala Weschler de desarrollo intelectual.Material y métodosestudio descriptivo y transversal, con una muestra no probabilística de 20 casos de pacientes con emc del departamento de Salud Mental de la unidad de medicina familiar (umf) no. 14, Delegación Norte, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (imss), Distrito Federal, México, que ingresaron al programa de detección de emc. Una vez diagnosticados se efectuó abordaje interdisciplinar y se evaluó el desarrollo intelectual por medio de la escala de Wechsler. A los resultados se les aplicó tratamiento estadístico de frecuencias y porcentajes.Resultados75% de la población en estudio fue del sexo femenino y 25% del masculino; 95% presentó hipotiroidismo congénito y 5% fenilcetonuria; el ci promedio fue de 104.35 puntos.Conclusionesel abordaje interdisciplinar favorece una atención integral y oportuna; además de destacar la relevancia del área psicológica en el desarrollo de las habilidades cognitivas, sociales y afectivas en niños con Enfermedad Metabólica Congénita.SummaryObjectiveto assess the intellectual coefficient (iq) in patients diagnosed with Congenital Metabolic Disease (cmd) through expanded neonatal screening and the Weschler scale of intellectual development.Material and methodsdescriptive and cross-sectional study with a non-random sample of 20 cases of patients diagnosed with cmd from the Mental Health Department of the Family Medicine Unit (fmu) no. 14, Northern Delegation, of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (imss), in Mexico City, who joined the detection of cmd program. Once they were diagnosed it was made an interdisciplinary approach and it was assessed the intellectual development through the Wechsler scale. It was applied, to the results, a statistical treatment of frequencies and percentages.Results75% of the studied population was female and 25% male; 95% presented congenital hypothyroidism and 5% phenylketonuria; the average iq was 104.35 points.Conclusionsthe interdisciplinary approach favors a comprehensive and timely health care; in addition, it highlights the importance of the psychological area in the development of cognitive, social and emotional skills in children with Congenital Metabolic Disease

Reporte de la situación del microcrédito en Colombia - Marzo de 2022

En este reporte se exponen los resultados de la Encuesta sobre la situación actual del microcrédito en Colombia del primer trimestre de 2022. Esta encuesta fue diseñada por el Departamento de Estabilidad Financiera del Banco de la República, junto con Asomicrofinanzas, con el fin de conocer la percepción que tienen las entidades que realizan actividades de intermediación de microcrédito, incluyendo las que no son supervisadas por la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia (SFC). Los objetivos de esta encuesta son indagar acerca del cambio en la percepción de oferta y demanda del mercado de microcrédito, la evolución de las políticas de asignación y evaluar, en particular, el riesgo de crédito de las entidades. De igual forma, se indaga sobre la frecuencia de prácticas relacionadas con reestructuraciones de microcrédito, venta de cartera y castigo de las deudas vencidas. Por último, se presentan los resultados de la pregunta coyuntural que, para esta versión de la encuesta, indaga sobre las características, dinámica y perspectivas de la cartera microcrediticia asignada por intermedio del programa Unidos por Colombia, del Fondo Nacional de Garantías

Genetic diversity and structure of the narrow endemic species Crepis granatensis: implications for conservation

In this study, we studied the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the endangered endemic Crepis granatensis, using amplified fragments length polymorphism (AFLP) and plastid DNA (cpDNA). No genetic divergences were obtained using cpDNA markers. Three primers combinations selected from a total of 12 produced a total of 421 fragments, of which 418 (99.3%) were polymorphic. The total genetic diversity of C. granatensis was moderate (Ht = 0.260). Neís gene diversity ranged from 0.202 to 0.258. The fixation index (Fst) was 0.137, suggesting low to moderate genetic differentiation among populations. The AMOVA analysis revealed that genetic diversity was mainly concentrated among individuals within populations (74%), while 8% was found among populations and 18% among regions. The Bayesian analysis and PCoA identified two genetic clusters: one corresponded to La Sagra population and the other corresponded to the Mágina populations. Based on our genetic results, it is necessary to preserve the evolutionary potential of C. granatensis by protecting all extant populations. Both in situ and ex-situ conservation measures should be considered. Reinforcement, reintroduction, and translocation programmes could be performed if necessary. Finally, such conservation strategies should be considered both in the current recovery plan and management actions for the species.Departamento de Biología Vegetal de la Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Botánica de la Universidad de Granad

Germination and Agronomic Traits of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Beans Sprayed with Trichoderma Strains and Attacked by Acanthoscelides obtectus

[EN] Acanthoscelides obtectus, one of the world’s most important post-harvest pests, attacks wild and cultivated common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Four Trichoderma strains, Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40,837 (=Ta37), a wild-type strain producer of trichothecene harzianum A (HA); two transformed strains of Ta37, Ta37-17.139 (∆tri17) and Ta37-23.74 (∆tri23); and T. brevicompactum IBT 40,841 (=Tb41), a wild-type strain producer of the trichothecene trichodermin, were evaluated to determine the effect of these compounds on the virulence of A. obtectus and the effect of these strains on the seed’s capacity of germination and on the agronomic traits of the plants grown from these seeds. Treatments of bean seeds with different Trichoderma strains provided varying survival rates in A. obtectus adults, so life survival of insects after Tb41 strain application was reduced to 15 days. ∆tri17 and Tb41 strains sprayed on P. vulgaris beans resulted in low weight losses (1.21 and 1.55%, respectively). In spite of the low germination percentage of beans treated with ∆tri23 strain (lower than the germination percentages of the rest of the fungal strains applied), this treatment encouraged a greater Wet Weight of Aerial Part of the plants grown from both damaged and undamaged beans. High germination rates of Ta37 and ∆tri17 strains (higher than with the rest of treatments), did not turn into a greater Wet Weight Aerial Part and Wet Weight of Root System in the future plants developed. Linear regression between the number of exit holes and the wet weight aerial part on the one hand, and between the number of exit holes and the wet weight root system on the other, showed interaction, so ∆tri23 and Tb41 strains behaved differently in comparison to their respective control treatments. The number of exit holes of beans treated with ∆tri23 or Tb41 was negatively correlated with both the wet weight aerial part and the wet weight root system in P. vulgaris plants. ∆tri23 sprayed on undamaged beans caused the greatest Wet Weight Aerial Part and wet weight root system in plants. Due to the good results obtained by ∆tri23 and Tb41 strains in this work, more studies for A. obtectus control, P. vulgaris plant growth and trichothecenes production by these strains should be explored, in order to advance in the knowledge of how these fungi could be used in the field crop, together with the application of management strategies to mitigate risks for farmers and to minimize environmental contamination

Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on Response to Biologics in Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis

This work was partly supported by a contract for Cristina Membrive Jimenez from the University of Granada and the Fundacion de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Andalucia Oriental (FIBAO). The Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital Biobank was supported by grants co-funded by ERDF funds (EU) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PT13/0010/0039).The results of this research are part of the doctoral thesis that will be presented by Cristina Membrive Jiménez at the University of Granada as part of the doctoral studies in “Pharmacy”.Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin pathology of autoimmune origin and unknown etiology. There are various therapies for treating it, including a wide range of biopharmaceuticals indicated in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Depending on their therapeutic target, they are classified as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (anti-TNF) or cytokine inhibitors (interleukin-12, 23, and 17 antagonists). Although they have proved effective and safe, in clinical practice, many patients show a short- and long-term suboptimal response and even varying degrees of toxicity. This variability in response may be influenced by genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the genes involved in the pathological environment, metabolism or mechanism of action of the drug that could affect the effectiveness and toxicity of biological therapies. This review assesses pharmacogenetic studies of the impact of genetic factors on response to biopharmaceuticals and toxicity in patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The results suggest that polymorphisms detected in the HLA genes, in genes that encode cytokines (TNF, IL genes, TNFAIP3), transporters (PDE3A-SLCO1C1, SLC12A8), receptors (TNFRSF1B, CD84, FCGR2A and FCGR3A, IL17RA, IL23R, TLR genes, PGLYRP4) and associated proteins (TNFAIP3, LY96, TIRAP, FBXL19), as well as other genes implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis (CDKAL1, CARD14, PTTG1, MAP3K1, ZNF816A, GBP6, CTNNA2, HTR2A, CTLA4, TAP1) can be used in the future as predictive markers of treatment response and/or toxicity with biological therapies in patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, tailoring treatment to the individual patient.University of GranadaFundacion de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Andalucia Oriental (FIBAO)ERDF funds (EU) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III PT13/0010/003