Lo local frente a lo global en la narrativa latinoamericana del siglo XXI: sobre el fin de la idea del fin de la literatura latinoamericana

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Filología Española. Fecha de lectura: 13-09-2019El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar cómo, pese a lo que se auguró en los noventa, momento en el que muchas ficciones desarrollaron imaginarios desterritorializados y posnacionales, la narrativa latinoamericana del siglo XXI inaugura un cambio de dirección que la orienta hacia imaginarios locales. Si en la configuración de aquellas ficciones de entresiglos fue muy determinante el auge neoliberal que se vivía en ese momento, gran parte de las que se publican desde los 2000 materializan las consecuencias de la aplicación en el continente de tales políticas, regresando a escenarios, temáticas y problemáticas muy referenciados como latinoamericanos. En suma, y partiendo del hecho de que toda obra literaria en el presente participa de algún modo del sistema neoliberal, planteamos que ciertos posicionamientos de algunos autores de entresiglos buscaban en cierta forma intervenir en las oleadas de lo internacional. Frente a ello, los autores que publican con el andar del siglo XXI tematizarían el agotamiento del paradigma de la modernidad internacional en consonancia con la globalización neoliberal, planteando en sus ficciones alternativas a la salida de tal sistema. Así, en primer lugar revisamos algunas de las propuestas más relevantes de la narrativa del cambio de siglo, con el fin de mostrar cómo son producto de un contexto neoliberal que gesta sus condiciones de posibilidad, influyendo de un modo determinante en la articulación de los imaginarios. Para ello, recurrimos al debate de la literatura mundial como paradigma de lectura, puesto que permite dilucidar el modo en que las circunstancias concretas de América Latina han determinado su posicionamiento en el espacio internacional y, por tanto, las estrategias que despliegan los autores latinoamericanos a través de sus ficciones. El análisis de los «imaginarios locales» se organiza en torno a tres ejes temáticos fundamentales, que constituyen algunas de las constantes que hemos detectado en esta narrativa: el regreso, que agrupa ficciones que narran distintos tipos de retornos al país o la casa natal; las ruinas o el desecho, en cuanto muchas de estas obras recurren, en ocasiones desde el registro de lo distópico, a paisajes despojados, para reflejar los efectos de las políticas neoliberales de los noventa; y, finalmente, lo rural, a través del que varias, fundamentalmente, autoras, replantean las derivas de la dualidad global-loca

«Horizonte de fragmentos»: Space and Identity in Bariloche of Andrés Neuman

La narrativa hispanoamericana de los años noventa inaugura un nuevo paradigma en el que se supera la noción de patria como espacio determinante de la identidad y como plataforma desde la que desempeñar el ejercicio de la escritura. Los autores nacidos a partir de los años sesenta construyen sus ficciones desde una lógica ahora global, negando su adscripción a una única tradición cultural. Este trabajo analiza el modo en el que Andrés Neuman, escritor hispanoargentino, elabora en su primera novela, Bariloche –así como en toda su narrativa–, una espacialidad que, reflejo del modo en el que los procesos de la contemporaneidad inciden en la configuración identitaria del sujeto, pone voz a su propia condición fronterizaThe Hispano-American Narrative of the nineties inaugurates a new paradigm in which the notion of homeland is exceded as the space determining the identity and as the unique place for the writer to write from. The writers born from the sixties on, built up their fiction from global logic, negating their belonging to the only cultural tradition. This essay analyses how Andrés Neuman, an Hispano-Argentinian writer, elaborates in his first novel Bariloche –as in his whole own narrative– a spatiality which is a reflection of the way contemporaneity dynamics affect individual identit

A new narrative?. Three exponents of contemporary Latin American literature: Jorge Volpi, Martin Rejtman and Rodrigo Fresán

A partir de las propuestas de Jorge Volpi, Martín Rejtman y Rodrigo Fresán, autores latinoamericanos nacidos en la década de los sesenta, intentaremos dar cuenta de cómo esta narrativa enfrenta un cambio de paradigma resultado de los procesos contemporáneos marcados por la globalización. Ello se traduce en la exploración de una identidad desprendida ahora de lo local y en la configuración de unos personajes determinados por la inercia. En definitiva, estéticas que confluyen en la búsqueda de nuevas perspectivas con que enfrentar lo latinoamericanoIn this article we analyze the fiction of Jorge Volpi, Martín Rejtman and Rodrigo Fresán, Hispano-American writers born in the sixties. We focus on how this narrative undergoes a change of paradigm as a result of contemporary dynamics affected by Globalization. This literature explores an identity emerging from the loss of the «local» concerns (contradictory to «global»), as well as develops characters determined by inertia. In short, the aesthetics converge in search of new perspectives to confront Latin American issue

On-Surface Hydrogen-Induced Covalent Coupling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons via a Superhydrogenated Intermediate

The activation and subsequent covalent coupling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great interest in fields like chemistry, energy, biology, or health, among others. However, this is not a trivial process. So far, it is based on the use of catalysts that drive and increase the efficiency of the reaction. Here, we report on an unprecedented method in which the dehydrogenation and covalent coupling is thermally activated in the presence of atomic hydrogen and a surface. This mechanism, which requires of the superhydrogenation of the PAHs, has been characterized by high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work opens a door toward the formation of covalent, PAH-based, macromolecular nanostructures on low-reactive surfaces, thus facilitating its applicability.Comment: This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 licens

La motivación y el Burnout en los profesores

p. 161-168El estudio de la motivación y el Burnout en los profesores pretende poner de manifiesto una problemática que preocupa y se da con mayor frecuencia entre los docentes en los últimos años y a la que hay que dar respuesta desde una perspectiva científica. Para ello se presenta una muestra compuesta por 77 profesores pertenecientes a diferentes colegios e institutos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria que imparten docencia en las diferentes etapas educativas de las provincias de León y de MadridS

Conventional vs. Organic: Evaluation of Nutritional, Functional and Sensory Quality of Citrus limon

Organic farming is growing rapidly worldwide since it is perceived as more respectful of the environment than conventional farming. In this sense, organic agriculture is highly appreciated by consumers since consumers around the world believe that organic food has a higher content of beneficial compounds for health and consider it of higher quality. For that reason, the objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional, sensorial, and functional quality of the ‘Fino 49’ lemon grafted on Citrus macrophylla in conventional and organic cultivation. Fatty acids, amino acids, total phenol, and polyphenols were quantified, antioxidant activity was measured, and sensory descriptive analysis was performed. Conventional farming led to an increase in amino acid content (641 mg L1) and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (254 mg 100 g1) and monounsaturated fatty acids (37.61 mg 100 g1). On the other hand, organically produced lemon fruits had better sensory profile (highlighting overall aroma (6.5), lemon odor (6.8), sourness (5.8), floral (0.6), and fresh lemon flavor (9.8)), and lower thrombogenicity index (0.15). The type of cultivation (organic and conventional) had no influence on the antioxidant activity (~1.60, ~3.08, and ~4.16 mmol Trolox L1 for ABTS+, DPPH , and FRAP, respectively) and polyphenols content (85.51 and 86.69 conventional and organic, respectively). However, to establish the advantages and disadvantages of different types of cultivation on lemon quality more studies are needed

Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties

Abstract This study evaluated, for the first time, the phenolic content of white ( Morus alba ) and black mulberry ( Morus nigra ) fruits with proven market aptitudes and grown in Spain, one of the main European producers. The antioxidant activity and mineral composition of these promising berry fruits were also assessed. Black mulberry clones showed higher antioxidant activity and amounts of phenolic compounds than white mulberry clones, although a wide intra-species variability was noted, according to principal component analysis. The total anthocyanins varied significantly among clones of M. nigra . These results are keys for the design of future dietary intervention studies examining the role of mulberry fruits in disease risk reduction. They can also be used for the development of mulberry derived-products rich in phenolic compounds

Europe's southernmost interglacial refugia as sentinels for the local extinction of mountain conifers

This research has been supported by a contract for University Teacher Training (Formación de Profesorado Universitario) (Ref. 18/03023) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes del Gobierno de España), and research projects financed by the State Research Agency (SRA) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF): PALEOPINSAPO (CSO2017-83576-P), MED-REFUGIA (RTI2018-101714-B-I00) and TED2021-132631B-I00; Andalusian Plan for Research, Development and Innovation: Oromed-Refugia (P18-RT- 4963); and ERDF Opera- tional Programme in Andalusia (EU regional programme): ForestMed (A-RNM-688-UGR20).The Serrania de Ronda is an exceptional palaeoecological laboratory for studying the dynamics of vegetation over time, due to its strategic geographical location at a biogeographical crossroads and its proven historical legacy. Many of the mountains that form part of this territory are today practically deforested, such as Sierra Blanca, whose geographic location at the heart of the Serranía de Ronda means that it has enormous potential as a bio- geographical crossroads: the occasional presence of Abies pinsapo, Pinus pinaster and Quercus rotundifolia suggests that it was once covered by a mixed forest of conifers and broad-leaved trees. The lack of environmental research in Sierra Blanca has facilitated the installation of large quarries, which have led to its exclusion from the Sierra de las Nieves National Park, which was created in 2021. We applied the pedoanthracological methodology, which has enabled us to discover paleo-populations of A. pinsapo and Pinus sylvestris-type. The results confirm that co- niferous forests previously covered a much wider area during the Holocene. These findings reinforce the role of Sierra Blanca as a high-altitude refuge for conifers during the warm stages of the Holocene and as a sentinel for the local extinction of mountain conifers. This information could help improve its management and conservation.Spanish Government 18/03023State Research Agency (SRA)European Commission CSO2017-83576-P, RTI2018-101714-B-I00, TED2021-132631B-I00Andalusian Plan for Research, Development and Innovation P18-RT-4963ERDF Operational Programme in Andalusia (EU regional programme) A-RNM-688-UGR2

(Poly)phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of white (Morus alba) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry leaves: Their potential for new products rich in phytochemicals

Abstract The (poly)phenolic fingerprint and antioxidant activities of the leaves of white and black mulberry clones grown in Spain, one of the main European producers, were evaluated for the first time in order to examine their phytochemical potential. Data showed that mulberry leaves are rich in caffeoylquinic acids (6.8–8.5 mg/g dw) and flavonols (3.7–9.8 mg/g dw). It was also evidenced that a wide intra-species variability existed according to principal component analysis. These results can be useful for value-added utilisation of this underused vegetal matrix by the food/pharma industries. In addition, owing to their (poly)phenolic composition with proven biological activities, these data can serve as starting point for further nutritional studies with mulberry leaf-derived products

Preparación, caracterización y estudio morfológico de fibras de carbón activado

Utilizando fibras de kenaf larga, se ha llevado a cabo la preparación, caracterización y estudio morfológico de las fibras de carbón activado (ACFs). La caracterización era realizada mediante las isotermas de adsorción de N2 a -196 C, porosimetría de Hg y microscopia electrónica de barrido. La activación a 700 ºC con CO2 durante 2h (FBC4A72) y 4 h (FBC4A74) de la muestra carbonizada a 400 ºC durante 0.5 h en N2 (FBC4), mostraban un incremento en el tamaño del poro, como se observa en las microscopías electrónica de barrido. Esto es probablemente debido a la interconexión de los poros como consecuencia del incremento del tiempo de tratamiento de 2 a 4h. Estos resultados abren un amplio campo de aplicación para las fibras de kenaf.Using kenaf as starting material, a study about the preparation and characterization of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) from long fibers was carried out. The carbonization products of kenaf fibers and ACFs were texturally characterized by N2 adsorption at -196 ºC, mercury porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The activation of the raw material of Kenaf by its carbonization at 400 ºC for 0.5 h in a N2 atmosphere increase the porosity of the samples, particularly the activation at 700 ºC with carbon dioxide. It should be noted the porous development shown by the scanning electron micrographs of samples FBC4A72 and FBC4A74. It is observed that the variation of treatment time from 2 to 4 hours leads to an important development of the porous structure in samples FBC4A74, which is probably a consequence of an interconnection between pores. These results open a wide field of applications of these fibers.peerReviewe