Duty and Coercion in Kant’s Republican Cosmopolitanism

This paper argues whether Kant’s cosmopolitanism entails a specific theory of coercion. I will especially tackle Kant’s account of international political order. First, I claim that Kant attributes a systematic role to the cosmopolitan right, what justifies considering this part of the doctrine of law as a necessary rational conclusion of the legal system, although its institutional embodiment differs from that required by the rights of states. I highlight that according to Kant states may not behave as individual citizens do, since they do not recognize any higher authority than themselves. Second, cosmopolitan law shows that coercion is not an insurmountable condition to fulfill legal obligations, since the cosmopolitan order depends on the moral equality among states, far from involving a hierarchy over governmental structure. Third, I will discuss that the only reason to perform an active role in the political sphere according to Kant stems from the statehood, so that to help other needy and less developed peoples and societies in order to boost that they achieve their autonomy as a state would not belong to the duties that a republic should abide to. Thus, the transformation of a human society into a republican civil union means according to Kant’s account of right the greatest contribution that a state could offer to enhance the cosmopolitan order

SGARBI, MARCO Immanuel Kant. Crítica del Juicio, Epílogo de Valerio Rocco Lozano, trad. por Jaime González-Capitel, Maia Ediciones, Madrid, 2011, 202 pp. [Reseña]

Em 23.09.2009, foi editada a Súmula 391 do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, segundo a qual “O ICMS incide sobre o valor da tarifa de energia elétrica correspondente à demanda de potência efetivamente utilizada.”. No entanto, a discussão acerca da legalidade da incidência de ICMS sobre a reserva de capacidade, cláusula prevista nos contratos com os chamados grandes consumidores, iniciou há muito e persiste até os dias atuais, face às diversas controvérsia relacionadas ao tema

Feeding entrainment of locomotor activity rhythms, digestive enzymes and neuroendocrine factors in goldfish

©2007. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of PHYSIOL BEHAV. To access the final edited and published work see http://doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.10.017L.M. VERA, N. DE PEDRO, E. GÓMEZ-MILÁN, M.J. DELGADO, M.J. SÁNCHEZ MUROS, J.A. MADRID, F.J. SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ. Feeding entrainment of locomotor activity, digestive enzymes and neuroendocrine factors in goldfish. PHYSIOL BEHAV 90 (2-3) 518-524, 2007. The existence of food anticipatory activity (FAA) in animals subjected to daily feeding schedules seems to be mediated by a feeding-entrainable oscillator (FEO). Such an FEO may help in anticipating meal time and so optimizing food acquisition and nutrient utilization. In this study we investigated the existence of FAA and whether digestive enzymes, plasma cortisol, hypothalamic NPY and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and plasma melatonin were entrained by periodic feeding in goldfish. We observed that periodically fed goldfish showed FAA in locomotor activity as well as in amylase and NPY. Alkaline protease and GIT melatonin were higher after feeding, whereas plasma cortisol levels were reduced. Plasma melatonin remained unmodified before and after meal time. These results suggested that scheduled feeding entrained both behavioral and certain physiological patterns in goldfish, FAA being of adaptive value to anticipate a meal and prepare the digestive physiology of fish

Endothelial adhesion receptors are recruited to adherent leukocytes by inclusion in preformed tetraspanin nanoplatforms

VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, receptors for leukocyte integrins, are recruited to cell–cell contact sites on the apical membrane of activated endothelial cells. In this study, we show that this recruitment is independent of ligand engagement, actin cytoskeleton anchorage, and heterodimer formation. Instead, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are recruited by inclusion within specialized preformed tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, which act as endothelial adhesive platforms (EAPs). Using advanced analytical fluorescence techniques, we have characterized the diffusion properties at the single-molecule level, nanoscale organization, and specific intradomain molecular interactions of EAPs in living primary endothelial cells. This study provides compelling evidence for the existence of EAPs as physical entities at the plasma membrane, distinct from lipid rafts. Scanning electron microscopy of immunogold-labeled samples treated with a specific tetraspanin-blocking peptide identify nanoclustering of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 within EAPs as a novel mechanism for supramolecular organization that regulates the leukocyte integrin–binding capacity of both endothelial receptors during extravasation

Breastfeeding for the prevention of overweight and obesity in children and teenagers: systematic review

Introducción: La Lactancia materna es una práctica recomendada desde las instituciones nacionales e internacionales debido a los beneficios que reporta para la salud, tanto del lactante como de la madre. En la actualidad, el sobrepeso y la obesidad conllevan una mayor morbilidad en los diferentes períodos de la vida. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es conocer las características de la lactancia materna en la prevención del sobrepeso y la obesidad en la infancia. Método: Se ha efectuado una búsqueda sistemática y se han seleccionado 113 artículos: 20 meta-análisis y revisiones, 6 artículos originales de ensayos clínicos, 42 estudios de cohorte o longitudinales, 19 estudios correlaciónales de muestra amplia, 24 descriptivos y 2 libros. Resultados: Según los artículos analizados, existe una relación causal entre la lactancia materna y la prevención de la obesidad infantil. Discusión/conclusión: En los diferentes estudios se ha podido verificar que los máximos beneficios de la lactancia materna se obtienen cuando su duración es mayor de 6 meses y se prolonga hasta los dos años, apoyada con otros alimentos. Otros estudios muestran que la lactancia materna es eficaz en la prevención de la obesidad, aunque su duración sea breve. También es importante que la alimentación complementaria se introduzca pasados los 6 meses de vida, para disminuir el riesgo de alergia a los alimentos y prevenir así la obesidad. Igualmente, se han relacionado con la obesidad infantil el peso de la madre durante el embarazo, el peso del niño al nacer, el tabaquismo materno y el nivel socioeconómico.Background: Breastfeeding is a recommended practice from national and international institutions due to the health benefits that it provides, both for the nursling and for the mother. Nowadays, overweight and obesity result in greater morbidity along different life periods. Objective: The goal of this systematic review is to explore the characteristics of breastfeeding in the prevention of overweight and obesity during childhood. Method: A systematic search has been carried out and 113 papers have been selected: 20 meta-analysis and reviews, 6 original papers of clinical trials, 42 cohort or longitudinal studies, 19 correlational studies, 24 descriptive studies and 2 books. Results: According to the analysed papers, there is a causal relationship between breastfeeding and the prevention of childhood obesity. Discussion/conclusion: In the various studies explored, it has been observed that the maximum benefits of breastfeeding are obtained when its duration is longer than 6 months and when it extends for two years, complemented with other foodstuffs. Other studies show that breastfeeding is effective in obesity prevention, even when its duration is limited. It is also important that complementary foods are introduced after the first six months of age, so as to reduce food allergy risk and to prevent obesity. Similarly, the weight of the mother during pregnancy has been associated with childhood obesity, as well as the weight of the child when he was born and other factors like maternal smoking and socioeconomic status

Breastfeeding as a method to prevent cardiovascular diseases in the mother and the child

Introducción: La lactancia materna es una práctica recomendada desde las instituciones sanitarias nacionales e internaciones, debido a los beneficios que reporta para la salud, tanto del lactante como de la madre. Se ha comprobado que los problemas cardiovasculares de las madres que lactan son menores que las de aquellas que no lo han hecho nunca, entre ellos, la hipertensión arterial. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los estudios que han investigado la lactancia materna, como protección frente a los problemas cardiovasculares de la madre y el niño. Métodos: Se ha efectuado una búsqueda sistemática y se seleccionaron 12 meta-análisis o revisiones, 7 artículos originales de ensayos clínicos, 39 estudios de cohorte o longitudinales y 14 estudios correlacionales de muestra amplia y descriptivos. Resultados/conclusión: La enfermedad cardiovascular es la principal causa de muerte de las mujeres en todo el mundo. La dieta, el ejercicio, dejar de fumar y el control de la presión arterial son todos reconocidos como elementos clave en la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se ha demostrado que la lactancia materna influye positivamente en los niveles de la presión arterial materna y del niño, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Es, pues, necesario facilitar más información a la población para promocionar la lactancia materna y conocer así sus beneficios

Design Of A Minicomputer Separator Of Urban Solid Waste (RSU)

In Mexico, the society in general lacks the habit and ethics of properly disposing garbage or in taking care of the environment. This paper focuses on analyzing and disposing garbage in an automated way. The present study also seeks to create and promote care for the planet. The minicomputer (GreenScanProcess) is an automated system whose process is based on an algorithm that stands out for its functionality. GreenScanProcess has sensors that allow the analysis and scanning of garbage. It also measures the weight and humidity of the garbage. The minicomputer also examines the garbage to know its composition. Likewise, GreenScanProcess takes the garbage to the container according to the garbage. The benefits obtained when conducting the research were: environmental, economic, technological, and educational