The efficacy of isolated bacteriophages from pig farms against ESBL/AmpC- producing Escherichia coli from pig and Turkey farms

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases are plasmid (but also chromosomally) encoded enzymes found in Enterobacteriaceae, determining resistance to a variety of important antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams. In recent decades, the prevalence of ESBL /AmpC-producing bacteria has increased rapidly across the world. Here, we evaluate the potential use of bacteriophages in terms of a reduction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in healthy animals. The aim of our studies was to isolate bacteriophages capable of destroying ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli isolated from livestock habitats. The efficacy of isolated phages against ESBL/AmpC E. coli strains varies, but creation of a phage cocktail with broad activity spectrum is possible. This may indicate that the role of phages may not be limited to phage therapy, but bacterial viruses may also be applied against spread of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. We also addressed the hypothesis, that phages, effective for therapeutic purposes may be isolated from distant places and even from different environments other than the actual location of the targeted bacteria. This may be beneficial for practical purposes, as the construction of effective phage preparations does not require access to disease outbreaks

Kolorowana sieć Petriego jako model systemu podejmowania decyzji kredytowej

The paper describes a formal model and implementation of an expert system (ES) for a credit decision making. The ES is designed as a set of related decision tables (DT). The Colored Petri Net (CPN) is adopted as a model of the ES. The structure and behavior of the ES is mapped into the CPN. A software module for a credit decision making is developed and deployed to a computer system for banking.W artykule opisano model formalny i implementację systemu ekspertowego (SE) do podejmowania decyzji kredytowych. SE projektowany jest jako zbiór powiązanych tabel decyzyjnych (TD). Jako model tego SE zastosowano kolorowaną sieć Petriego (CPN), na którą odwzorowano strukturę SE oraz sposób wyznaczania wartości przez TD. Utworzono moduł podejmowania decyzji kredytowych, który jest częścią systemu informatycznego przeznaczonego dla bankowości