Promoting sustainable solutions: sports development pathway

openOrganizzarsi per la sostenibilità: il caso della filiera sportiva: passare da fatto individuale a filiera, cambiamenti organizzativi. Assetti organizzativi, cosa cambia con un'economia sostenibile e circolare nel mondo dello sport, digitalizzazione, twin transition.Planning for sustainability: the case of the sports supply chain: switching from individual fact to supply chain, organizational innovation. Organizational structures, what changes with a sustainable and circular economy in the sports sphere, digitalization, twin transition

Estudio de la afectación del ventrículo derecho en el infarto anterior reperfundido

La afectación del ventrículo derecho (VD) en el seno de un infarto agudo de miocardio de localización inferior, es de sobra conocida. Sin embargo, la vascularización de la cara anterior del VD depende de ramas de la arteria descendente anterior (ADA), siendo escasos los trabajos que estudian la afectación del VD que se produce durante un infarto agudo de miocardio de localización anterior. Evaluamos la afectación del VD que se produce tras la oclusión del ADA en un grupo experimental de 9 cerdos, al que le realizamos un modelo de isquemia-reperfusión percutánea mediante el hinchado de un balón de angioplastia en la ADA media durante 90 minutos, y en un grupo de pacientes con un primera infarto agudo de miocardio de localización anterior secundario a la oclusión trombótica de la ADA proximal, y estudiados mediante resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC). Valoramos el área en riesgo de VD dependiente de la oclusión con balón de la ADA a partir de la infusión intracoronaria de tioflavina-S, Se consideró área en riesgo aquel porcentaje de volumen de miocardio que mostraba tintinó con tioflavina-S. Se valoró el área de necrosis a partir de la incubación de las piezas de corazón porcino en una solución de cloruro de 2-3-5 trifeniltetrazolio, se cualificaron como áreas de necrosis aquel porcentaje de volumen de miocardio que nos mostraba captación por 2-3-5 trifeniltetrazolio. Se cualificó el miocardio salvado como aquel porcentaje que mostraba tintinó con tioflavina-S y captación por 2-3-5 trifeniltetrazolio. En nuestro grupo de pacientes se valoró el área en riesgo a partir del análisis de las secuencias potenciadas en T2 y el área de necrosis mediante el análisis de las secuencias de realce tardío de gadolinio. Se consideró miocardio sacado aquel porcentaje de masa ventricular con hiperintensidad de señal en las secuencias potenciadas en T2 y que nos mostraba realce tardío de gadolinio. Obtuvimos en nuestro grupo experimental que tanto el VD como el ventrículo izquierdo (VI) mostraban tinción por tioflavina-S, es decir ambos ventrículos recibían irrigación por la ADA La cuantificación del área en riesgo fue del 30% del volumen de miocardio derecho y del 62% para VI. El 50% (4 animales) mostraron necrosis en el VD y el 100% en VI, sin embargo la extensión del área de necrosis de VD fue pequeño, el 2% del volumen de miocardio derecho, obteniendo por tanto una extensa área de miocardio salvado en VD. En nuestro grupo de pacientes, el 100% mostraron área de edema, es decir en riesgo tanto en VD como el VI, con un porcentaje del área en riesgo del 34% de la masa ventricular derecha. El 40% (8 pacientes) mostraron necrosis en VD, sin embargo la extensión del área de necrosis fue pequeña, observan también una extensa área de miocardio salvado, superior al 90% del área en riesgo. Concluimos, que tanto en un grupo experimental como en un grupo real de pacientes la oclusión de la ADA ocasiona un área en riesgo en VD, siendo el tamaño de la necrosis resultante pequeña y obteniendo una extensa área de miocardio salvado, lo que corrobora la resistencia a la isquemia del VD, debido fundamentalmente a su bajo consumo de oxígeno y a su extensa red de colaterales.Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Spanish population, and acute coronary syndromes are actually the main cause of mortality, morbidity and health care costs in Spain. In ischemic heart disease, much attention has been focused on the study and characterization of the left ventricle (LV), and the prognostic implications that LV dysfunction has in these patients, overshadowing the right ventricle (RV) and considering it dispensable for cardiac function and in consequence, it has been partly ignored. The right ventricle’s blood supply varies according to the coronary artery dominance. In a right-dominant system, the right coronary artery (RCA) distributes blood to most of the RV. Its lateral wall is supplied by the marginal branches, whereas the posterior wall and the inferoseptal region are supplied by the posterior descending artery. The anterior wall and the anteroseptal region are usually supplied by branches of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The RV has besides, an excellent collateral system that originates from the moderator band, receiving blood supply from the first septal perforator branch which arises from the LAD. This feature, along with its low oxygen consumption and its capability to increase oxygen extraction, gives the RV a certain resistance to irreversible ischemia injury. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) represents a non-invasive technique with increasing applications in acute myocardial infarction, and provides us with a wide range of information such as: identification of myocardial oedema (myocardium at risk), location of transmural necrosis, cuantification of infarct size and salvaged myocardium, and also identifying microvascular obstruction in a highly reproducible manner. Actually, is the gold standard technique for the evaluation of cardiac volumes and systolic function of RV. However, the literature that focuses on right ventricular involvement in the setting of an anterior myocardial infarction assessed by CMR is scarce. Our study was performed in an experimental group and in a group of patients with a first anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Experimental Group: The study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Valencia and it conforms with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85–23, revised 1996). It was performed in nine female domestic pigs employing a percutaneous reversible ischemia technique, after sedation and anesthesia of the animal. A 6-F sheath was introduced into the right femoral artery to measure blood pressure and to access the LAD. An Amplatz left 0.75 guiding catheter and a standard hydrophilic angioplasty wire were also used. Ischaemia was induced by inflating a 2.5 × 10 mm over the wire balloon up to four atmospheres in the mid LAD. Coronary artery occlusion was confirmed by contrast injection and by electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation. After 90 minutes, the LAD balloon was deflated and restoration of normal coronary flow was documented by angiography. After 72 hours, 20 mL of 4% thioflavin-S solution was selectively infused into the mid LAD using the same over the wire balloon. The hearts were then arrested with potassium chloride and excised. The necropsy pieces were incubated in 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution during 20 minutes at 37ºC. The LAD-perfused area in both, RV and LV, was defined as the percentage of the myocardial volume showing thioflavin-S staining. Infarct size was designated as the percentage of the myocardial volume that failed to stain with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The salvaged myocardium was regarded as the percentage of the LAD-perfused area showing 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Group of patients: From January 2008 to December 2012, we prospectively included 106 patients admitted consecutively with a first STEMI, whose repercussion strategy was primary angioplasty and did not show contraindication for CMR. CMR was performed 4 ± 1 and 181 ± 11 days after STEMI. Steady-state free-precession sequences were used for cine and first-pass perfusion imaging, a dark-blood T2-weighted short-tau inversion-recovery turbo-spin echo sequence was applied for determining the area at risk (oedema) and a segmented inversion recovery steady-state free-precession sequence was used for late enhancement imaging. All images were acquired by a phased-array body surface coil during breath-holds and were ECG triggered. The 17-segment model for the LV and the nine-segment model for the RV were applied. In cine images, end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2 ), end-systolic volume index (mL/m2), ejection fraction (%), and left ventricular mass (g/m2) were quantified by manual definition of endocardial and epicardial borders of all short-axis slices. T2-weighted images were used to quantify the area at risk in the RV and LV. Area at risk was defined as the percentage of ventricular mass with signal intensity two standard deviations above the mean signal obtained in the remote non-infarcted myocardium (posterior wall). Increased signal intensity from the blood pool adjacent to the endocardium was excluded. Late enhancement imaging was used to define infarct size in the RV and LV. Infarct size was regarded as the percentage of ventricular mass with signal intensity two standard deviations above the mean signal obtained in the remote non-infarcted myocardium (posterior wall). The salvaged myocardium was regarded as the percentage of the area at risk without late enhancement. For the assessment of the area at risk, area of necrosis and RV systolic function after a first anterior STEMI, 20 patients with an excellent image quality in CMR were included. For the evaluation of the area at risk, area of necrosis and RV systolic function after a first inferior STEMI, 10 patients with an excellent image quality in CMR were included.An experimental model was developed using 9 domestic pigs, and performing a percutaneous model of reversible ischemia based on inflating during 90 minutes an angioplasty balloon in the mid LAD and the subsequent repercussion. During balloon inflation, five pigs developed ventricular fibrillation. Four of them reverted to a stable sinus rhythm after undergoing electrical cardioversion; but one developed a refractory ventricular fibrillation, resulting in asystole and death. None of the animals presented an occlusion or dissection of the LAD after deflation of the angioplasty balloon. Within 72 hours, a new catheterization was performed in order to infuse selectively 20 ml of thioflavin-S to 4% in the LAD, without notable complications. To quantify the area at risk of the right ventricle that depends on the left anterior descending artery. Intracoronary thioflavin-S was the dye used to identify the area at risk, obtaining an excellent staining quality in all cases. Thioflavin-S staining (LAD-perfused area) was detected both in the RV and in the LV in all cases. A large area of the anterior wall of the RV (30 5% of the myocardial volume) was perfused by LAD. In comparison, the LV displayed a significant larger LAD-perfused area (62 15% of the myocardial volume, p< 0.001) comprising all anterior, antero-lateral and antero-septal segments. To quantify the salvaged myocardium and necrosis of the right ventricle resulting from a transient occlusion of the mid left anterior descending artery with the angioplasty balloon. The area of necrosis was evaluated after the incubation of the necropsy pieces in a 2-3-5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride 2% solution at 37ºC during 20 minutes. Areas that showed no staining with 2-3-5 triphenyltetrazolium corresponded to areas of necrosis. The area of necrosis was detected in four cases in the RV (50%) and in eight (100%) in the LV (p= 0.04). A large percentage of salvaged myocardium was observed in the RV; 94 6% of the area supplied by the LAD showed no necrosis after staining with 2-3-5 triphenyltetrazolium, resulting in a very small RV infarction (2 1% of the RV myocardial volume). In comparison, the percentage of salvaged myocardium in the LV was significantly lower (73 11% of the area supplied by the LAD, p<0.001), resulting in a significantly larger infarct size (16 5% of the LV myocardial volume, p<0.001). To determine the area of the right ventricle that is supplied by the right coronary artery. On average, 65 ± 8% of the RV and 30 ± 6% of the LV were supplied by the RCA, showing thioflavin-S staining. This area comprised mainly the inferior and infero-septal segments of the LV, and the inferior and lateral segments of the RV. To analyze right ventricular systolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance in the first week and sixth month after ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, in a consecutive group of patients with a first ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and reperfused by primary angioplasty. In the CMR studies at first week and sixth month after STEMI, we observed a preserved systolic function of the RV at first week CMR (mean RV ejection fraction of 60 8%), which showed a significant improvement at sixth month CMR (62 8%, p=0.03). The patients were categorized in 2 groups according to the location of the infarction: anterior and non-anterior STEMI. We observed no significant differences regarding RV ejection fraction between both groups, neither at first week nor at sixth month CMR (61 ± 9% vs 59 ± 8%, p=0.2 at first week and 63 ± 8% vs 61 ± 8%, p=0.1 at sixth month). When comparing the ejection fraction evolution in both groups, we observed a significant improvement in right ventricular ejection fraction at sixth month in the non-anterior STEMI group (59.8 ± 8% at first week vs 61 ± 8% at sixth month, p=0.022). Patients in the anterior STEMI group showed a similar tendency, although non significant. When classifying our patients according to the reference criteria for RV dysfunction established by Maceira et al. 8 patients (16.7%) with an anterior STEMI and 13 (22.4%) patients with a non-anterior STEMI (p=0.6) showed a depressed RV ejection fraction at first week CMR. This result suggests that patients with a non- anterior STEMI have a tendency of more depressed RV ejection fraction at first week after STEMI. There was a significant decrease in the number of patients with depressed RV ejection fraction in the non-anterior STEMI group at sixth month CMR: first week 13 (22.4%) vs sixth month 4 (6.9%), (p=0.03). The anterior STEMI group showed a similar tendency, although non significant. To assess the area at risk, area of necrosis and the right ventricle systolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance in a group of patients with a first ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to the thrombotic occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending artery and reperfused by primary angioplasty. All the analysed cases (100%) displayed a certain amount of area at risk in T2-weighted imaging, both in the RV and in the LV. Necrosis (late enhancement) was detected in four cases (40%) in the RV (p<0.001) and in 20 cases (100%) in the LV (p<0.001). A large area of the anterior wall of the RV was at risk (34 ± 13%), owing to a large area of salvaged myocardium (94 ± 10% of the area at risk) and resulting in a small RV infarct size (2 ± 3%). On the other hand, the LV displayed more myocardium at risk (43 ± 12%, p= 0.02). As a consequence of a lesser amount of salvaged myocardium (33 ± 26% of the area at risk, p< 0.001) the resulting infarct size (30 ± 16%, p< 0.001) was larger than in the RV. To assess the area at risk, area of necrosis and right ventricle systolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance in a group of patients with a first ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to the thrombotic occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery and reperfused by primary angioplasty. All the analysed cases with inferior STEMI (100%) displayed a certain amount of area at risk in T2-weighted imaging, both in the RV and in the LV. The RV exhibited larger area at risk than in the LV (49 ± 9% vs 27 ± 11%, p=0.01). Necrosis (late enhancement) was detected in five cases (50%) in the RV and in 9 cases (90%) in the LV (p<0.001). However, the area of necrosis in the RV (6 ± 5%) was significantly smaller when compared with the area of necrosis in the LV (19± 10%, p=0.01).This was probably the result of the fact that salvaged myocardium was significantly higher in the RV (85 ± 29% of the area at risk) when compared with the LV (28 ± 19%, p=0.01)

Implementation of Radio-Frequency Deflecting Devices for Comprehensive High-Energy Electron Beam Diagnosis

In next-generation light sources, high-brightness electron beams are used in a free-electron laser configuration to produce light for use by scientists and engineers in numerous fields of research. High-brightness beams are described for such light sources as having low transverse and longitudinal emittances, high peak currents, and low slice emittance and energy spread. The optimal generation and preservation of such high-brightness electron beams during the acceleration process and propagation to and through the photon-producing element is imperative to the quality and performance of the light source. To understand the electron beam's phase space in the accelerating section of a next-generation light source machine, we employed radio-frequency cavities operating in a deflecting mode in conjunction with a magnetic spectrometer and imaging system for both low (250 MeV) and high (1.2 GeV) electron energies. This high-resolution, high-energy system is an essential diagnostic for the optimization and control of the electron beam in the FERMI light source generating fully transversely and longitudinally coherent light in the VUV to soft x-ray wavelength regimes. This device is located at the end of the linear accelerator in order to provide the longitudinal phase space nearest to the entrance of the photon-producing beam-lines. Here, we describe the design, fabrication, characterization, commissioning, and operational implementation of this transverse deflecting cavity structure diagnostic system for the high-energy (1.2 GeV) regime

The Balkans as European Otherness. On shaping Italian Public Opinion about the War in Croatia

In Croatia, the political changes involving most of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s included a war fought between 1991 and 1995. This paper aims, by examining the press releases and newspaper articles published in the Italian daily La Stampa in 1995, to show how this influential newspaper worked on shaping Italian public opinion about the war in Croatia, and to examine the extent to which well-rooted stereotypes about the Balkans played a role in the process. The application of the methods of Critical Discourse Analysis on the material has confirmed the occurrence of stereotypes expressed through several types of polarized representations, for example, the one between the good (Italy/Europe/West) and the bad (Croatia/the Balkans – associated with “primitive” nationalism and chaos). It has also shown that Italy (as part of Europe), largely saw itself as the “appointed” Western civilized neighbour towards one of its Balkan neighbours, Croatia, and worked on trying, as Todorova would put it, “to normalise” it

A demographic history of a population of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) living in a fragmented landscape in Mexico

Long-term field studies are critical for our understanding of animal life history and the processes driving changes in demography. Here, we present long-term demographic data for the northernmost population of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) residing in a highly anthropogenically fragmented landscape in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. We carried out 454 monthly group visits to 10 groups of mantled howler monkeys between 2000 and 2011. The population remained relatively stable over the 11-year study period, with an overall increase in the total number of individuals. Birth rates and inter-birth intervals were comparable to those of howler monkeys at non-fragmented sites, suggesting that living in a fragmented landscape did not affect the reproductive output of our study population. Moreover, despite the landscape, dispersal events were commonplace, including many secondary dispersals (individuals emigrating from groups that they had previously immigrated into). Finally, we found a marked effect of seasonality on the dynamics of our study population. In particular, the period of lowest temperatures and resource scarcity between November and March was associated with higher mortality and reproductive inhibition, while the period of resource abundance between April and May was associated with the majority of conceptions and weaning of offspring. This, in turn, could be influencing dispersal patterns in our study area, as male howler monkeys seem to time some of their immigrations into new groups to coincide with the start of the period of higher fertility, while females preferentially joined new groups several months before the onset of this period. These data have important implications for the conservation and management of howler monkeys in fragmented landscapes, as well as for our understanding of the effect of seasonality over howler monkey dispersal, reproduction and survival

Detection of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses, West Nile, Dengue, Saint Louis Encephalitis, Ilheus, Bussuquara, and Yellow Fever in free-ranging black howlers (Alouatta caraya) of Northeastern Argentina

Several medically important mosquito-borne flaviviruses have been detected in Argentina in recent years: Dengue (DENV), St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV), West Nile (WNV) and Yellow Fever (YFV) viruses. Evidence of Bussuquara virus (BSQV) and Ilheus virus (ILHV) activity were found, but they have not been associated with human disease. Non-human primates can act as important hosts in the natural cycle of flaviviruses and serological studies can lead to improved understanding of virus circulation dynamics and host susceptibility. From July–August 2010, we conducted serological and molecular surveys in free–ranging black howlers (Alouatta caraya) captured in northeastern Argentina. We used 90% plaque-reduction neutralization tests (PRNT90) to analyze 108 serum samples for antibodies to WNV, SLEV, YFV, DENV (serotypes 1and 3), ILHV, and BSQV. Virus genome detection was performed using generic reverse transcription (RT)-nested PCR to identify flaviviruses in 51 antibody-negative animals. Seventy animals had antibodies for one or more flaviviruses for a total antibody prevalence of 64.8% (70/108). Monotypic (13/70, 19%) and heterotypic (27/70, 39%) patterns were differentiated. Specific neutralizing antibodies against WNV, SLEV, DENV-1, DENV-3, ILHV, and BSQV were found. Unexpectedly, the highest flavivirus antibody prevalence detected was to WNV with 9 (8.33%) monotypic responses. All samples tested by (RT)-nested PCR were negative for viral genome. This is the first detection of WNV-specific antibodies in black howlers from Argentina and the first report in free-ranging non-human primates from Latin-American countries. Given that no animals had specific neutralizing antibodies to YFV, our results suggest that the study population remains susceptible to YFV. Monitoring of these agents should be strengthened to detect the establishment of sylvatic cycles of flaviviruses in America and evaluate risks to wildlife and human health.Fil: Morales, Maria Alejandra. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Fabbri, Cintia M.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Zunino, Gabriel Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto del Conurbano; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kowalewski, Miguel Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Biológica de Usos Múltiples (Sede Corrientes); ArgentinaFil: Luppo, Victoria C.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Enría, Delia A.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Levis, Silvana C.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Calderón, Gladys Ethel. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas; Argentin

Terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus) : potential correlates, patterns, and differences between genera

For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids

Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): First appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence

Background: Titi monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus-34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus. Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus. Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups). © 2016 Byrne et al