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Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): First appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence
Authors
A Felton
A Humboldt von
+97 more
A Stamatakis
A Stamatakis
AD Johns
AJ Drummond
AL Rosenberger
Anthony B. Rylands
B Wood
BJ MacFadden
C Jones
CG Schrago
CG Schrago
Colin P. Groves
CP Groves
CP Groves
D Darriba
D Tirira
DG Elliot
DI Rumiz
DM Hillis
E Palacios
E Palacios
EC Teeling
EW Heymann
EW Heymann
F Ronquist
F Röhe
Fabricio Bertuol
FC Canavez
GHH Tate
H Schlegel
Hazel Byrne
Horacio Schneider
HP Titis
Iracilda Sampaio
Izeni Farias
J Gualda-Barros
J Vermeer
JA Hodgson
JB Spix von
JC Bicca-Marques
JC Dalponte
JE Horvath
Jean P. Boubli
Jeferson C. Carneiro
Jessica W. Lynch Alfaro
JR Stallings
JR Stallings
JS Silva-Júnior
JW Lynch Alfaro
K Benirschke
KR Paithankar
LEM Boer de
LRR Rodrigues
LRR Rodrigues
M Goodman
M Moynihan
M Takai
MA Noronha
Maria N. F. da Silva
Mariluce Messias
ME Alfaro
MGM Roosmalen Van
ML Bueno
ML Bueno
MS Springer
OJ Linares
P Auricchio
P Hershkovitz
P Hershkovitz
P Perelman
PJ Venta
R Aquino
R Aquino
R Lanfear
R Stanyon
RB Wallace
RC Edgar
RD Ward
RF Kay
RF Kay
RF Kay
RF Kay
RRD Chagas
Russell A. Mittermeier
S Guindon
S Kobayashi
S Kobayashi
S Kobayashi
SYW Ho
Tomas Hrbek
TR Defler
TR Defler
WC Hartwig
WCO Hill
WG Kinzey
WG Kinzey
WJ Murphy
Publication date
1 January 2016
Publisher
Frontiers in Zoology
Doi
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PubMed
Abstract
Background: Titi monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus-34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus. Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus. Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups). © 2016 Byrne et al
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