Protecció de dades a Internet

Treballs Finals de Grau de Gestió i Administració Pública, Facultat de Dret, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2015-2016, Tutora: Núria Palomar BagetLa protecció de dades de caràcter personal es basa en protegir la intimitat i la privacitat de les persones. La intimitat ve definida per l’article 18 de la Constitució Espanyola, fa referència a l’àmbit més reservat de les persones, el que s’ha de mantenir allunyat de la resta de persones. La privacitat es podria entendre com aquell àmbit de la vida que es té dret a protegir de qualsevol intromissió aliena. Pel que fa a dades de caràcter personal ens referim a aquella informació sobre una persona física que pot ser identificada o identificable. La persona física seria aquella que la seva identitat es pugui identificar, com per exemple nom, número d’identificació, identitat física, genètica, etc. Pel que fa el marc jurídic l’any 2000, va entrar en vigor la Llei Orgànica de Protecció de Dades de Caràcter Personal o com més es coneix LOPD, és la norma que regula a Espanya la protecció de dades de caràcter personal, és a dir totes aquelles dades que fan referencia a identificar una persona física, com pot ser el nom, cognoms, DNI, direcció, etc. A part aquesta llei també regula la manera la qual s’ha de recollir i tractar aquesta informació. Aquesta llei és de l’any 1999 per això actualment hi ha mancances d’elements reguladors pel que fa a la protecció de les dades a Internet. Aquesta és una eina bàsica i imprescindible avui en dia, tothom a totes hores la fa servir, sigui per motius d’oci o laborals. Per aquest motiu es transfereixen un gran volum de dades entre els usuaris i els servidors els quals emmagatzemen tota aquesta informació..

Spectroscopic evaluation of red blood cells of thalassemia patients with confocal microscopy: a pilot study

Hemoglobinopathies represent the most common single-gene defects in the world and pose a major public health problem, particularly in tropical countries, where they occur with high frequency. Diagnosing hemoglobinopathies can sometimes be difficult due to the coexistence of different causes of anemia, such as thalassemia and iron deficiency, and blood transfusions, among other factors, and requires expensive and complex molecular tests. This work explores the possibility of using spectral confocal microscopy as a diagnostic tool for thalassemia in pediatric patients, a disease caused by mutations in the globin genes that result in changes of the globin chains that form hemoglobin—in pediatric patients. Red blood cells (RBCs) from patients with different syndromes of alpha-thalassemia and iron deficiency (including anemia) as well as healthy (control) subjects were analyzed under a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope following different image acquisition protocols. We found that diseased RBCs exhibited autofluorescence when excited at 405 nm and their emission was collected in the spectral range from 425 nm to 790 nm. Three experimental descriptors calculated from the mean emission intensities at 502 nm, 579 nm, 628 nm, and 649 nm allowed us to discriminate between diseased and healthy cells. According to the results obtained, spectral confocal microscopy could serve as a tool in the diagnosis of thalassemia.This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant number DPI2017-89414-R. L.R.-B. thanks the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the PhD (FPI) grant she has received.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Hyperspectral imaging for skin cancer and blood disorders diagnosis

Hyperspectral imaging is a novel technology for acquiring an image at a large number of wavelengths, thus allowing the study of spectral and spatial details of a sample under analysis. This technology has emerged as a promising imaging modality to be used as a diagnostic tool in several medical applications where spectral information is relevant. In this paper, we outline our most recent achievements in this field. Firstly, hyperspectral imaging systems developed to improve non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancer, consisting of digital silicon and InGaAs cameras and light emitting diodes, are described. Secondly, we present our last advances using hyperspectral technology together with confocal microscopy to improve the diagnosis of blood diseases, in particular, hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia and cell membrane diseases such as hereditary spherocytosis. Finally, new insights on these topics are discussed.This project has been funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (PID2020-112527RB-I00 / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033). L R-B thanks the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the PhD (FPI) grant she has received.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

La percepción del riesgo biológico en las prácticas clínicoasistenciales en los estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería de la Universidad de Barcelona

Podeu consultar la Vuitena trobada de professorat de Ciències de la Salut completa a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/66524Objetivo: Analizar la percepción del riesgo biológico de los estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería de la Universidad de Barcelona (UB) antes de iniciar sus prácticas clínicoasistenciales. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la Escuela de Enfermería de la UB en estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería matriculados en las asignaturas prácticas de segundo curso (Estancias Clínicas I) y de tercer curso (Estancias Clínicas II) durante el 2013-2014 (N=78). Variables: sociodemográficas, laborales, de formación, clínicas y referidas a la evaluación del riesgo biológico percibido. Se utilizó un instrumento de elaboración propia y la escala EDRP-T. Análisis estadístico: descriptivo y univariante para detectar si habían diferencias entre la percepción de riesgo biológico de los ítems de la escala EDRP-T y las variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: Los estudiantes sin formación práctica previa (Estancias Clínicas I) tenían menor percepción de conocimiento y menor percepción de daño derivado del riesgo biológico con respecto a los estudiantes con formación práctica previa (Estancias Clínicas II), (p=0.05 y p=0.04 respectivamente). Se detectó menor percepción del riesgo biológico en los estudiantes con experiencia laboral previa. Conclusión: La formación práctica y la experiencia laboral influyen en la percepción del riesgo biológico de los estudiantes de enfermería. Faltan estudios que relacionen la percepción de riesgo con el uso de las medidas de prevención durante su formación práctica y los accidentes de tipo biológicos sufridos

Del entorno universitario al entorno profesional: conocimiento del riesgo biológico antes de iniciar las prácticas en los estudiantes de grado de enfermería

Podeu consultar la Vuitena trobada de professorat de Ciències de la Salut completa a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/66524Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de conocimientos frente al riesgo biológico de los estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería de la Universidad de Barcelona (UB) antes de iniciar sus prácticas asistenciales. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería de la UB en estudiantes matriculados en las asignaturas de Estancias Clínicas I y Estancias Clínicas II durante el curso académico 2013-2014 (N=78). Variables: sociodemográficas, laborales, formativas, estado vacunal del estudiante y referente a los conocimientos sobre las normas de bioseguridad. Se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia. En el análisis descriptivo se obtuvieron frecuencias y porcentajes y se realizó tabulación y tablas de contingencia para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: El 65,3% (n=51) de los estudiantes tenían un nivel de conocimientos medio- bajo respecto a la prevención del riesgo biológico antes de realizar las asignaturas prácticas. El 76,9% (n = 60) y el 88,5% (n=69) desconocían cuál era el porcentaje de seroconversión después de pincharse con una aguja contaminada con VIH..

Membrane protein detection and morphological analysis of red blood cells in hereditary spherocytosis by confocal laser scanning microscopy

In hereditary spherocytosis (HS), genetic mutations in the cell membrane and cytoskeleton proteins cause structural defects in red blood cells (RBCs). As a result, cells are rigid and misshapen, usually with a characteristic spherical form (spherocytes), too stiff to circulate through microcirculation regions, so they are prone to undergo hemolysis and phagocytosis by splenic macrophages. Mild to severe anemia arises in HS, and other derived symptoms like splenomegaly, jaundice, and cholelithiasis. Although abnormally shaped RBCs can be identified under conventional light microscopy, HS diagnosis relies on several clinical factors and sometimes on the results of complex molecular testing. It is specially challenging when other causes of anemia coexist or after recent blood transfusions. We propose two different approaches to characterize RBCs in HS: (i) an immunofluorescence assay targeting protein band 3, which is affected in most HS cases and (ii) a three-dimensional morphology assay, with living cells, staining the membrane with fluorescent dyes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to carry out both assays, and in order to complement the latter, a software was developed for the automated detection of spherocytes in blood samples. CLSM allowed the precise and unambiguous assessment of cell shape and protein expression.This publication is part of the project PID2020-112527RBI00, funded by CIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Laura Rey-Barroso thanks the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the PhD (FPI) grant she has received (DPI2017-89414-R). The current study has been funded by the Spanish National Agency of Investigation (AEI).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Evaluación de la microscopía confocal como herramienta de diagnóstico en enfermedades de los glóbulos rojos

La esferocitosis hereditaria (EH) provoca mutaciones en las proteínas de la membrana de los glóbulos rojos (GRs) que hacen que las células se deformen y se vuelvan demasiado rígidas para poder viajar a través de los vasos sanguíneos. Estas células anormales se destruyen masivamente en el bazo, lo que provoca anemia grave y esplenomegalia además de ictericia y cálculos biliares. El diagnóstico de la EH requiere la realización de complejas pruebas moleculares en la mayoría de casos. Para evitar la realización de dichas pruebas, la microscopía confocal espectral podría utilizarse en el diagnóstico de estas y otras enfermedades. En este estudio, se tiñó la membrana de los GRs con tintes de color e inmunomarcadores, y, bajo un microscopio Leica TCS8, se analizaron los posibles defectos de membrana expresados como diferencias en color y forma en pacientes con EH

Genetic analyses of aplastic anemia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with short telomeres, possible implication of DNA-repair genes

Background: Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures present at the terminal region of the chromosomes. Mutations in genes coding for proteins involved in telomere maintenance are causative of a number of disorders known as telomeropathies. The genetic origin of these diseases is heterogeneous and has not been determined for a significant proportion of patients. Methods: This article describes the genetic characterization of a cohort of patients. Telomere length was determined by Southern blot and quantitative PCR. Nucleotide variants were analyzed either by high-resolution melting analysis and Sanger sequencing of selected exons or by massive sequencing of a panel of genes. Results: Forty-seven patients with telomere length below the 10% of normal population, affected with three telomeropathies: dyskeratosis congenita (4), aplastic anemia (22) or pulmonary fibrosis (21) were analyzed. Eighteen of these patients presented known pathogenic or novel possibly pathogenic variants in the telomere-related genes TERT, TERC, RTEL1, CTC1 and ACD. In addition, the analyses of a panel of 188 genes related to haematological disorders indicated that a relevant proportion of the patients (up to 35%) presented rare variants in genes related to DNA repair or in genes coding for proteins involved in the resolution of complex DNA structures, that participate in telomere replication. Mutations in some of these genes are causative of several syndromes previously associated to telomere shortening

Impacts of chemical gradients on microbial community structure

Succession of redox processes is sometimes assumed to define a basic microbial community structure for ecosystems with oxygen gradients. In this paradigm, aerobic respiration, denitrification, fermentation and sulfate reduction proceed in a thermodynamically determined order, known as the ‘redox tower’. Here, we investigated whether redox sorting of microbial processes explains microbial community structure at low-oxygen concentrations. We subjected a diverse microbial community sampled from a coastal marine sediment to 100 days of tidal cycling in a laboratory chemostat. Oxygen gradients (both in space and time) led to the assembly of a microbial community dominated by populations that each performed aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in parallel. This was shown by metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and stable isotope incubations. Effective oxygen consumption combined with the formation of microaggregates sustained the activity of oxygen-sensitive anaerobic enzymes, leading to braiding of unsorted redox processes, within and between populations. Analyses of available metagenomic data sets indicated that the same ecological strategies might also be successful in some natural ecosystems

Multispectral imaging of healthy and diseased red blood cells using confocal microscopy

Red blood cell disorders represent the most common single-gene defects and pose a major public health problem, particularly in tropical countries, occurring with high frequency. Their diagnose can sometimes be difficult due to the coexistence of different causes of anemia, such as thalassemia and iron deficiency, and blood transfusions, among other factors, and requires expensive and complex molecular tests. In this work, blood samples from patients with different syndromes of alphathalassemia and iron deficiency (including anemia) as well as healthy (control) subjects were analyzed under a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope Samples exhibited autofluorescence when excited at 405 nm and three experimental descriptors calculated from the mean emission intensities at 502 nm, 579 nm, 628 nm, and 649 nm allowed us to discriminate between diseased and healthy cells. According to the results obtained, spectral confocal microscopy could serve as a tool in the diagnosis of thalassemia.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version