Automatización y control de tecnologías implementadas en invernaderos: una revisión

Protected agriculture is a way of producing food by creating a microclimate that allows protecting a crop from the risks inherent in free exposure; in this sense, its purpose is to guarantee the optimal and appropriate conditions of internal variables to generate reproduction, development and growth of plants with quality and commercial opportunity. In this way, the application of technologies to crops has extended considerably due to the need to optimize this productive alternative: in this respect, there are multiple scattered investigations based on particular designs of elements such as greenhouses. Therefore, this article shows a review on protected agriculture aimed at the automation of greenhouses in countries that have implemented emerging technologies in this field and the consequent control generated in the stages of the production cycle through sensors, actuators, specific covers or robots designed to perform tasks such as spraying or harvesting, among others. Key analysis elements are presented on the modeling of the phenomenon that underlies the implementations, so that systems with the necessary adaptation are achieved for any crop, taking into account its type, cost and location, defining a baseline on the technologies that make it functional and efficient.La agricultura protegida es una manera de producir alimentos creando un microclima que permite proteger un cultivo de los riesgos propios de la libre exposición; en este sentido, tiene como finalidad garantizar las condiciones óptimas y apropiadas de variables internas para generar la reproducción, desarrollo y crecimiento de plantas con calidad y oportunidad comercial. De esta manera, la aplicación de tecnologías a cultivos se ha extendido considerablemente por la necesidad de optimizar esta alternativa productiva: al respecto se encuentran múltiples investigaciones dispersas basadas en diseños particulares de elementos como los invernaderos. Por lo anterior, el presente artículo muestra una revisión sobre agricultura protegida orientada a la automatización de invernaderos en los países que han realizado implementaciones de tecnologías emergentes en este campo y el consecuente control generado en las etapas del ciclo productivo a través de sensores, actuadores, cubiertas específicas o robots diseñados para realizar tareas tales como fumigación o cosechado, entre otras. Se presentan elementos de análisis clave sobre el modelamiento del fenómeno que subyace a las implementaciones, de manera que se logren sistemas con la adaptación necesaria para cualquier cultivo teniendo en cuenta su tipo, costo y ubicación, definiendo una línea de base sobre las tecnologías que lo hacen funcional y eficiente

La Web 2.0 en el entorno empresarial: resultados derivados de un estudio empírico efectuado entre universitarios

La Web 2.0 ha supuesto una revolución, sin precedentes, para las empresas. Dentro de estas últimas, cabe considerar las pymes que, como consecuencia de la aplicación de las herramientas sociales, ha determinado la posibilidad de que las mismas trasciendan mucho más allá del espacio territorial en el que tradicionalmente operan. Para tomar conciencia de cuanto planteamos, nos basaremos en un estudio empírico realizado sobre la base de ciertas preguntas efectuadas a una muestra de alumnos, relativamente amplia, de la Licenciatura de Administración y Dirección de Empresas de la Universidad de Sevilla. En este sentido, como en el presente estudio veremos, los estudiantes han pasado de ser meros impulsores del uso de la Web 2.0, cruzando del rol de usuarios al de creadores de presencia social. Nuestro objetivo, a este respecto, ha sido doble. Por un lado, la adquisición de competencias sobre herramientas sociales en un sentido amplio. Y, por otro, el fomento de la socialización de pymes de nuestro entorno, contribuyendo, de esta manera, a mejorar sensiblemente la posición que las mismas ostentan en el terreno de la Web 2.0

Nuevos paradigmas para las empresas en la era tecnológica: la socialización de las PYMES

La era de la socialización de la información ha llegado para quedarse de manera definitiva. El universo digital sigue en expansión, no sólo con un número creciente de portales, sino también, con numerosas fuentes de datos, redes sociales y conversaciones que están impulsando esta nueva era. Todo ello pone de manifiesto un gran desafío para las Pymes que deben estar a la vanguardia en tendencias y con incrementos en sus ventas. En el presente estudio analizaremos, con detalle, los efectos que los medios sociales comportan para tales organizaciones empresariales.The age of the socialization of information has come to stay in a definitive way. The digital universe continues the expansion, not only with an increasing number of portals, but also with many sources of data, social networking and conversations which are driving this new age. All this shows up a great challenge for the SMEs, and they have to be alert to trends and increases in the sales. In this study we will analyse, with details, the effects that the social means behave for these enterprise organizations

Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Biopsychosocial Profiles of Pain Perception in Forensic Cases of Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents

In order to make a complete diagnosis of all the factors influencing whiplash associated disorders (WAD), the evidence suggests that the condition evaluation should follow an integrated biopsychosocial model. This perspective would offer a fuller view of it, recognizing the interplay between the medical, biomechanical, social, and psychological factors. Despite the progress made in the subject, evidence of which psychosocial factors influence the experience of pain in litigant WAD patients is limited. A cross-sectional design and a cluster analysis was used to study the experience of pain and the psychosocial factors included therein in 249 patients with WAD assessed after suffering a motor vehicle accident. Three clusters were obtained: C1, with low scores of pain and a slight-moderate alteration of the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL); C2, with medium scores of pain, alteration of HRQoL and a perception of moderate disability; and C3, with medium-high scores of pain, alteration of the HQoL, perception of moderate disability, presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, poorer comprehension of the condition suffered, and the belief that it will extend over a long period of time. The results show a heterogeneous experience of pain in WAD, compatible with the biopsychosocial model of disease and the multidimensional approach to pain. The role of the psychologist in the evaluation of the condition could be useful to obtain a complete view of the condition, thus ensuring that the treatment is adapted to the needs of the patient

Variables relacionadas con la reducción de la satisfacción de los usuarios de emergencias

The information received by patients about the severity of their condition, the type of tests to be performed, or the average waiting time in the service are factors that influence their degree of satisfaction and, therefore, their possible anger and/or aggressiveness. Users' discomfort can sometimes lead to violence towards health workers, and this, in turn, can lead to the commonly associated physical and psychological consequences. Our main objective is to explore the relationship between the waiting time, patients' perceived satisfaction with the service, as well as the other variables under study. We used a cross-sectional design was used to evaluate 320 hospital patients in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Our indicate that receiving information about their process, waiting time until the doctor's consultation, the degree of satisfaction with the professional, and the resolution of the doubts are predictors of the degree of overall patient satisfaction with the clinical experience.La información recibida por los pacientes sobre la gravedad de su condición, el tipo de pruebas a realizar o el tiempo promedio de espera en el servicio son factores que influyen en el grado de satisfacción. La incomodidad de los usuarios a veces puede conducir a la violencia hacia los trabajadores de salud, y esto, a su vez, a las consecuencias físicas y psicológicas comúnmente asociadas. Nuestro objetivo es explorar la relación entre el tiempo de espera, la satisfacción del paciente con el servicio y otras variables de interés. Se utilizó un diseño transversal para evaluar a 320 pacientes hospitalarios en la Región de Murcia (España). Los resultados indican que recibir información sobre su proceso, el tiempo de espera hasta la consulta, el grado de satisfacción con el profesional y la resolución de dudas son predictores del grado de satisfacción general del paciente con la experiencia clínica

Profiles of lateral violence in nursing personnel of the Spanish public health system

Background Workplace violence in healthcare settings has long been studied in scientific literature, particularly in the nursing profession. Research has explored mostly user violence probably for its high prevalence and impact on health and job satisfaction. Yet this focus may overshadow another dangerous type of workplace violence: coworker violence. Exerted by co-workers with similar status, lateral violence differs from that yielded by a co-worker with a higher rank, known as vertical. This study aims to deepen the knowledge about lateral violence perceived by nurses and its interaction with other variables commonly associated with workplace violence in healthcare: burnout, job satisfaction, and self-perceived health. Method A random block sampling was performed, prompting a total sample of 925 nursing professionals from 13 public hospitals located in the southeast of Spain. The sample distribution (mean and standard deviation) and the response percentages according to the study variables of the ad-hoc questionnaire were analyzed and classified with cluster analysis. Results Through the cluster analysis, two subgroups were obtained: Cluster 1, composed of 779 participants, with low scores in the variables used for the classification, high levels of both extrinsic and intrinsic satisfaction, low levels of emotional exhaustion and cynicism, and low rates of somatization, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression; and Cluster 2, composed of 115 participants and characterized by moderate-high scores in the variables used for the classification, moderate extrinsic satisfaction, and low intrinsic satisfaction, high emotional exhaustion and cynicism and lower somatization, anxiety, social dysfunction, and depression scores. Excluded cases amounted to 31. Conclusion Nursing professionals who experience lateral violence reveal a lower intrinsic satisfaction, feeling less self-accomplished in their job, and less positive work experience. Emotional exhaustion rises as a concerning progressive and long-term outcome of experiencing this type of violence

Highly Efficient Production of Heteroarene Phosphonates by Dichromatic Photoredox Catalysis

[EN] A new strategy to achieve efficient aerobic phosphorylation of five-membered heteraroenes with excellent yields using dichromatic photoredox catalysis in a gel-based nanoreactor is described here. The procedure involves visible aerobic irradiation (cold white LEDs) of a mixture containing the heteroarene halide, trisubstituted phospite, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as sacrificial agent, and catalytic amounts of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) in the presence of an adequate gelator, which permits a faster process than at the homogeneous phase. The methodology, which operates by a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) mechanism, has been successfully applied to the straightforward and clean synthesis of a number of different heteroarene (furan, thiophene, selenophene, pyrrole, oxazole, or thioxazole) phosphonates, extending to the late-stage phosphonylation of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban. Strategically, employment of cold white light is critical since it provides both selective wavelengths for exciting first DCA (blue region) and subsequently its corresponding radical anion DCA(center dot-) (green region). The resultant strongly reducing excited agent DCA(center dot-)* is capable of even activate five-membered heteroarene halides (Br, Cl) with high reduction potentials (similar to-2.7 V) to effect the C(sp(2))-P bond formation. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies have supported the proposed reaction mechanism. Interestingly, the rate of product formation has been clearly enhanced in gel media because reactants can be presumably localized not only in the solvent pools but also through to the fibers of the viscoelastic gel network. This has been confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy images where a marked densification of the network has been observed, modifying its fibrillary morphology. Finally, rheological measurements have shown the resistance of the gel network to the incorporation of the reactants and the formation of the desired products.Financial support from the Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/044) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-105391GB-C21, PID2019-105391GBC22, BES-2017-080215, and BEAGAL18/00166) is gratefully acknowledged. D.D.D. thanks NANOTech., INTech, Cabildo de Tenerife, and ULL for laboratory facilities. We also thank the Electron Microscopy Service from the UPV.Herrera-Luna, JC.; Díaz Díaz, D.; Jiménez Molero, MC.; Pérez-Ruiz, R. (2021). Highly Efficient Production of Heteroarene Phosphonates by Dichromatic Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 13(41):48784-48794. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c14497S4878448794134

Tuberculosis y escritura, las dos muertes de El Doctor Centeno

Pérez Galdós outlines in El Doctor Centeno (1863) the clinical and literary symptoms of the decline of Spanish romanticism in the mid-nineteenth century brought about by the positivism advocated by the bourgeoisie. This article explores the way in which Galdós, to achieve this, uses Alejandro Miquis, a consumed character who along the narrative experiences a twofold feverish process of romantic origin and nature. In the Madrid of 1863, Miquis is dying of tuberculosis, the same illness that romanticism had elevated to mythic proportions. At the same time, this character strives to renew the drama of his time by writing and offering to the brand new middle class a historical play of unmistakable romantic leanings, which is as anachronistic and moribund as he is. Thus, through his death, the ensuing defiling of his work, and a narrative structure filled with medical and literary winks, Galdós succeeds in expanding the death certificate to the whole romantic culture.En El Doctor Centeno (1883), Pérez Galdós perfila un cuadro clínico-literario del ocaso del romanticismo en la España de mediados del siglo XIX, arrollado por el positivismo que abanderaba la nueva sociedad burguesa. Este artículo explora la forma en que Galdós, a tal fin, se sirve de Alejandro Miquis, personaje consumido a lo largo de la narración por un doble proceso febril de naturaleza y origen románticos. En el Madrid de 1863 y, mientras agoniza de la misma enfermedad que el romanticismo elevara a categoría mítica —la tuberculosis—, Miquis se empeña en renovar el teatro de su época, creando y ofreciendo a la naciente sociedad un drama histórico de clara filiación romántica, tan anacrónico y moribundo como él. Así, mediante su muerte y posterior profanación de su obra, y valiéndose de una estructura plagada de guiños médico-literarios, Galdós acierta a extender el acta de defunción de la cultura romántica

Tough Love Lessons: Lateral Violence among Hospital Nurses

Background: Workplace violence is a growing social problem among many professions, but it particularly affects the health sector. Studies have mainly focused on evaluating user violence toward health professionals, with less attention being paid to other sources of conflict, such as co-workers themselves. There are different manifestations of this violence in what has been called a context of tolerated or normalized violence among co-workers. However, its effects are far from being tolerable, as they have an impact on general health and job satisfaction and contribute to burnout among professionals. Based on this idea, and following the line of the previous literature, nursing staff are a population at high risk of exposure to workplace violence. For this reason, the present study aims to evaluate exposure to lateral violence or violence among co-workers in nursing staff in public health services and the relationship of this exposure with some of the most studied consequences. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional associative study was carried out in which scales of workplace violence (HABS-CS), burnout (MBI-GS), job satisfaction (OJS), and general health (GHQ-28) were applied to a sample of 950 nursing staff from 13 public hospitals located in the southeast of Spain. (3) Results: The results show that nursing staff have a high exposure to violence from their co-workers, which is more common in male nurses. Greater exposure is observed in professionals with between 6 and 10 years of experience in the profession, and it is not characteristic of our sample to receive greater violence when they have less experience or are younger. A positive correlation is observed with high levels of burnout and a negative correlation with general health and job satisfaction. (4) Conclusions: The results of this work contribute to increasing the scientific evidence of the consequences of a type of workplace violence frequent among nursing staff and to which less attention has been paid in relative terms to other types of prevalent violence. Organizations should be aware of the importance of this type of workplace violence, its frequency and impact, and implement appropriate prevention policies that include the promotion of a culture that does not reward violence or minimize reporting. A change of mentality in the academic environment is also recommended in order to promote a more adequate training of nursing staff in this field