Interview Survey of Chief Executives of Medium-sized Companies Vol.30

Additional file 4. Densitometric analysis of troponin T, periostin, carbonic anhydrase 3 and cytoglobin in sham, MI-placebo and MI-SAR1 mice. The densitometric measurements of proteins are expressed as a percentage of the average values measured in the sham group. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM

Laser-Induced Electron Diffraction in Chiral Molecules

Strong laser pulses enable probing molecules with their own electrons. The oscillating electric field tears electrons off a molecule, accelerates them, and drives them back toward their parent ion within a few femtoseconds. The electrons are then diffracted by the molecular potential, encoding its structure and dynamics with angstrom and attosecond resolutions. Using elliptically polarized laser pulses, we show that laser-induced electron diffraction is sensitive to the chirality of the target. The field selectively ionizes molecules of a given orientation and drives the electrons along different sets of trajectories, leading them to recollide from different directions. Depending on the handedness of the molecule, the electrons are preferentially diffracted forward or backward along the light propagation axis. This asymmetry, reaching several percent, can be reversed for electrons recolliding from two ends of the molecule. The chiral sensitivity of laser-induced electron diffraction opens a new path to resolve ultrafast chiral dynamics

65 YEARS OF THE DOUBLE HELIX Genetics informs precision practice in the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma

Although the authors of the present review have contributed to genetic discoveries in the field of pheochromocytoma research, we can legitimately ask whether these advances have led to improvements in the diagnosis and management of patients with pheochromocytoma. The answer to this question is an emphatic Yes! In the field of molecular genetics, the well-established axiom that familial (genetic) pheochromocytoma represents 10% of all cases has been overturned, with >35% of cases now attributable to germline disease-causing mutations. Furthermore, genetic pheochromocytoma can now be grouped into five different clinical presentation types in the context of the ten known susceptibility genes for pheochromocytoma-associated syndromes. We now have the tools to diagnose patients with genetic pheochromocytoma, identify germline mutation carriers and to offer gene-informed medical management including enhanced surveillance and prevention. Clinically, we now treat an entire family of tumors of the paraganglia, with the exact phenotype varying by specific gene. In terms of detection and classification, simultaneous advances in biochemical detection and imaging localization have taken place, and the histopathology of the paraganglioma tumor family has been revised by immunohistochemical-genetic classification by gene-specific antibody immunohistochemistry. Treatment options have also been substantially enriched by the application of minimally invasive and adrenal-sparing surgery. Finally and most importantly, it is now widely recognized that patients with genetic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes should be treated in specialized centers dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of this rare neoplasm.Peer reviewe

Attosecond imaging of molecular dynamics

Depuis sa première observation, la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (GHOE) dans les gaz a demontré son importance, ouvrant la voie à la science attoseconde. Cette technique produit un rayonnement impulsionnel XUV qui s'étend dans le domaine spectral intermédiaire entre l'ultraviolet et les rayons X. Ces impulsions attosecondes donnent accès à des résolutions temporelles extrêemes, permettant ainsi d'observer des dynamiques électroniques dans des atomes ou des molécules. En effet le processus de généneration d'harmonique repose sur l'oscillation de paquets d'électrons attosecondes issus des molécules, accélérés par le champ de laser intense et se recombinant radiativement avec leurs ions moléculaires parents. Ainsi, le rayonnement harmonique émis lors de la recombinaison permet d'encoder l'information structurale sur le ou les orbitales impliquées avec une résolution spatiale de l'ordre l'Angström et temporelle femtoseconde ou attoseconde. La génération d'harmonique peut être utilisée comme signal de sonde dans des expériences de spectroscopie pompe-sonde résolue en temps. Ces expériences de spectroscopie harmoniques permettent d'étudier la structure des orbitales et les dynamiques moléculaires ultra-rapides. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'utiliser le processus de la GHOE, pour sonder les processus fondamentaux qui interviennent dans les atomes, les molécules et la matière condensée. Tout d'abord, pour comprendre comment extraire des informations dynamiques ou structurelles sur les orbitales à partir du signal harmonique nous avons étudié un système simple et connu: l'argon. Une nouvelle approche théorique développée par Fabre et Pons a permis de reproduire fidèlement l'expérience. Nous avons continué à étudier la structure et la dynamique moléculaire dans N2 et CO2. Les molécules issues d'un jet supersonique Even-Lavie qui permettait d'obtenir des températures rotationelles de moins de 10K ont été alignées par laser avec un fort degré d'alignement. Ce type de jet permet d'améliorer la sensibilité à la structure des orbitales impliquées et d'identifier la contribution de plusieurs orbitales. Ensuite nous avons utilisé la sensibilité de la génération des harmoniques d'ordre élevé à la structure des orbitales moléculaires pour sonder la dynamique complexe du NO2 excité autour d'une intersection conique. Nous avons appliqué la méthode du réseau d'excitation transitoire qui permet d'améliorer la sensibilité aux molécules excitées. Nous avons donc mené une étude dans les agrégats. A l'aide d'une étude différentielle en température et d'une méthode de cartographie spectrale et spatiale, nous avons pu isoler la contibution des grands agrégats. Notre analyse suggère un nouveau mécanisme de génération par des agrégats et permet même une estimation de la longeur de corrélation des électrons dans les agrégats. Ce manuscrit se termine avec la présentation d'une ligne de lumière XUV. Cette technique consiste à utiliser le rayonnement XUV fs produit par la GHOE comme impulsion sonde pour ioniser des fragments de dissociation moléculaire à l'aide d'une transition à un photon.Since the first observation of high-order harmonic spectra in gases, high harmonic generation (HHG) has demonstrated its importance, opening a door to the field of attosecond sience. The bandwidth of the emitted spectrum reaches up to the XUV. The attosecond pulses reach a very high time resolution, allowing the study of electron dynamics in atoms or molecules. The generation mechanism of HHG is based on the emission of an attosecond electron wavepacket by the atoms/molecules. The electron wavepacket is accelerated by the laser field and finally recombines radiatively with its parent ion. Thus the structural information of the probed orbital is encoded in the high harmonic spectrum with a spatial resolution of one Angtröm and a temporal resolution of few femtoseconds. HHG can be used as a probe signal resolved for pump-probe spectroscopy. High harmonic spectroscopy allows the study of the orbital structure and ultra-fast molecular dynamics. In this thesis the fundamental mechanisms playing a role in atoms, molecules and condensed matter are probed using HHG. In order to understand how to extract dynamical and structural information of orbitals from a harmonic signal, we have first studied an easy and well known system: the argon atom. A new theoretical approach developped by Fabre and Pons allowed us to reproduce the experimental results in good agreement. We continued with a study of the molecular structure and dynamics of N2 and CO2. A supersonic Even-Lavie jet permitted to reach rotational temperatures lower than 10K with an excellent alignment distribution. Owing to the good alignment in such gas jet, we were able to resolve the orbital structure with a higher sensitivity and to identify the contribution of several orbitals. In the next step we used the sensitivity of HHG towards the structure of molecular orbitals in order to probe the complex dynamics of NO2 in the vicinity of a conical intersection. We applied HHG combined with transient grating spectroscopy which leads to a higher sensitivity of the excited molecules. We then continued with studying cluster. We were able to disentangle the contribution of large clusters to the harmonic signal due to a 2D spatio-spectral representation of a temperature dependent differential measurement. Our analysis suggests a new generation mechanism in clusters and allows an estimation of the electron correlation length in clusters. This thesis ends with the presentation of a XUV beamline. This technique uses the emitted fs-XUV radiation, provided by HHG, as a probe pulse for ionizing the photofragments by a one photon transition

Dynamique moléculaire par imagerie attoseconde

Depuis sa première observation, la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (GHOE) dans les gaz a demontré son importance, ouvrant la voie à la science attoseconde. Cette technique produit un rayonnement impulsionnel XUV qui s'étend dans le domaine spectral intermédiaire entre l'ultraviolet et les rayons X. Ces impulsions attosecondes donnent accès à des résolutions temporelles extrêmes, permettant ainsi d'observer des dynamiques électroniques dans des atomes ou des molécules. En effet le processus de généneration d'harmonique repose sur l'oscillation de paquets d'électrons attosecondes issus des molécules, accélérés par le champ de laser intense et se recombinant radiativement avec leurs ions moléculaires parents. Ainsi, le rayonnement harmonique émis lors de la recombinaison permet d'encoder l'information structurale sur le ou les orbitales impliquées avec une résolution spatiale de l'ordre l'Angström et temporelle femtoseconde ou attoseconde. La génération d'harmonique peut être utilisée comme signal de sonde dans des expériences de spectroscopie pompe-sonde résolue en temps. Ces expériences de spectroscopie harmoniques permettent d'étudier la structure des orbitales et les dynamiques moléculaires ultra-rapides. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'utiliser le processus de la GHOE, pour sonder les processus fondamentaux qui interviennent dans les atomes, les molécules et la matière condensée. Tout d'abord, pour comprendre comment extraire des informations dynamiques ou structurelles sur les orbitales à partir du signal harmonique nous avons étudié un système simple et connu: l'argon. Une nouvelle approche théorique développée par Fabre et Pons a permis de reproduire fidèlement l'expérience. Nous avons continué à étudier la structure et la dynamique moléculaire dans N2 et CO2. Les molécules issues d'un jet supersonique Even-Lavie qui permettait d'obtenir des températures rotationelles de moins de 10K ont été alignées par laser avec un fort degré d'alignement. Ce type de jet permet d'améliorer la sensibilité à la structure des orbitales impliquées et d'identifier la contribution de plusieurs orbitales. Ensuite nous avons utilisé la sensibilité de la génération des harmoniques d'ordre élevé à la structure des orbitales moléculaires pour sonder la dynamique complexe du NO2 excité autour d'une intersection conique. Nous avons appliqué la méthode du réseau d'excitation transitoire qui permet d'améliorer la sensibilité aux molécules excitées. Nous avons donc mené une étude dans les agrégats. A l'aide d'une étude différentielle en température et d'une méthode de cartographie spectrale et spatiale, nous avons pu isoler la contibution des grands agrégats. Notre analyse suggère un nouveau mécanisme de génération par des agrégats et permet même une estimation de la longeur de corrélation des électrons dans les agrégats. Ce manuscrit se termine avec la présentation d'une ligne de lumière XUV. Cette technique consiste à utiliser le rayonnement XUV fs produit par la GHOE comme impulsion sonde pour ioniser des fragments de dissociation moléculaire à l'aide d'une transition à un photon.Since the first observation of high-order harmonic spectra in gases, high harmonic generation (HHG) has demonstrated its importance, opening a door to the field of attosecond sience. The bandwidth of the emitted spectrum reaches up to the XUV. The attosecond pules reach a very high time resolution, allowing the study of electron dynamics in atoms or molecules. The generation mechanism of HHG is based on the oscillation of the attosecond electron wavepacket emitted by the atoms/molecules, accelerated by the laser field. The electron wavepacket finally recombines radiatively with its parent ion. Thus the structural information of the probed orbital is encoded in the high harmonic spectrum with a spatial resolution of one Angtröm and a temporal resolution of few femtoseconds. HHG can be used as a probe signal resolved for pump-probe spectroscopy. High harmonic spectroscopy allows the study of the orbital structure and ultra-fast molecular dynamics.In this thesis the fundamental mechanisms playing a role in atoms, molecules and condensed matter are probed using HHG. In order to understand how to extract dynamical and structural information of orbitals from a harmonic signal, we have studied an easy and well known systems: the argon atom. A new theoretical approach developped by Fabre and Pons allowed us to reproduce the experimental results in good agreement. We continued with a study of the molecular structure and dynamics of N2 and CO2. A supersonic Even-Lavie jet permitted to reach rotational temperatures lower than 10K with an excellent alignment distribution. Owing to the good alignment in such gas jet, we were able to resolve the orbital structure with a higher sensitivity and to identify the contribution of several orbitals. In the next step we used the sensitivity of HHG towards the structure of molecular orbitals in order to probe the complex dynamics of NO2 in the vicinity of a conical intersection. We applied HHG combined with transient grating spectroscopy which leads to a higher sensitivity of the excited molecules. We then continued with studying cluster. We were able to disentangle the contribution of large clusters to the harmonic signal due to a 2D spatio-spectral representation of a temperature dependent differential measurement. Our analysis suggests a new generation mechanism in clusters and allows an estimation of the electron correlation length in clusters. This thesis ends with the presentation of a XUV beamline. This technique uses the emitted fs-XUV radiation, provided by HHG, as a probe pulse for ionizing the photofragments by a one photon transition

Low-energy electron attachment to SF₆ molecules: Vibrational structure in the cross-section for SF₆⁻ formation up to 1 eV

In high resolution electron attachment to SF₆, cusp structure due to interchannel coupling has been observed in the cross-section for SF₅⁻ formation at the thresholds for vibrational excitation of the SF₆(v₁) mode up to v₁ = 10. It is superimposed on the broad band peaking around 0.55 eV which has been previously attributed to attachment into a repulsive potential surface and subsequent direct dissociation. The newly observed vibrational structure as well as electron energy loss spectra (which exhibit strong excitation of the v₁ mode up to high quantum numbers) indicate, however, that both the channel yielding the long-lived SF₆⁻ anions and the dissociative SF₅⁻ + F channel have a common primary attachment process, mediated by the same SF₆⁻ scattering state and strongly coupled to the process of vibrational excitation

New light on the Kr⁻(4p⁵5s²) Feshbach resonances: high-resolution electron scattering experiments and <i>B</i>-spline <i>R</i>-matrix calculations

In a joint experimental and theoretical effort, we carried out a detailed study of electron scattering from Kr atoms in the energy range of the low-lying Kr⁻($4p^5 5s^2$) Feshbach resonances. Absolute angle-differential cross sections for elastic electron scattering were measured over the energy range 9.3–10.3 eV with an energy width of about 13 meV at scattering angles between 10° and 180°. Using several sets of elastic scattering phase shifts, a detailed analysis of the sharp Kr⁻(4p^5 5s^2 ^2 $P_{3/2}$) resonance was carried out, resulting in a resonance width of Γ3/2 = 3.6(2) meV. By direct comparison with the position of the Ar⁻(3p^5 4s^2 ^2P_{3/2}) resonance, the energy for the Kr⁻(4p^5 5s^2 ^2P_{3/2}) resonance was determined as E3/2 = 9.489(3) eV. A Fano-type fit of the higher lying Kr⁻(4p^5 5s^2 ^2P_{1/2}) resonance yielded the resonance parameters Γ1/2 = 33(5) meV and E1/2 = 10.126(4) eV. In order to obtain additional insights, B-spline R-matrix calculations were performed for both the elastic and the inelastic cross sections above the threshold for $4p^5$ ,5s excitation. They provide the total and angle-differential cross sections for excitation of long-lived and short-lived levels of the $4p^5$, 5s configuration in Kr and branching ratios for the decay of the Kr⁻(4p^5 5s^2 ^2P_{1/2}) resonance into the three available exit channels. The results are compared with selected experimental data

Ecological theory meets soil ecotoxicology: Challenge and chance.

International audienceThe degradation of soils due to various anthropogenic stress factors is alarming. Although chemicals are a major reason for soil degradation, most ecologists are not interested in studying such effects. We try to wake their interest by addressing a number of unsolved soil ecotoxicological problems that are related to disturbance ecology, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and modelling. Features distinguishing chemical from natural stress render promising new aspects in disturbance ecology. Ecotoxicological studies are ideal models of disturbance, particularly regarding frequency, intensity or multitude of stress. Patterns of secondary succession after a major chemical damage can directly be related to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. More knowledge on altered life history patterns following stress could support both evolutionary ecology and risk assessment. We raise the question if inherent resource competition makes communities more vulnerable to stress. Three aspects of ecotoxicological risk assessment are introduced: (1) exposure and bioavailability, which is directly connected to environmental heterogeneity; (2) tests on ecosystem functioning, suffering from major drawbacks; and (3) modelling. Here, promising approaches exist but need substantial input for being applicable to soils. Ecological modelling should put more emphasis on simulating both natural and chemical disturbances, including behavioural aspects and environmental variability. Finally, research needs for ecological risk assessment in soils are derived such as a simple system to assess the impact of chemicals on soil biodiversity, the inclusion of behavioural changes of keystone species or the consideration of density-dependent effects. Common research efforts of basic ecologists and soil ecotoxicologists could render a lot of mutual benefits