Työelämäedustajien kokemuksia ohjaustoiminnan koulutusohjelman opinnäytetöistä

Tämä opinnäytetyö lähti liikkeelle ohjaustoiminnan koulutusohjelman tarpeesta tietää, onko tehdyistä opinnäytetöistä pidempiaikaista hyötyä työelämälle. Lähtökohtana oli viisi ohjaustoiminnan vanhustyöhön keskittynyttä opinnäytetyötä. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, millaista hyötyä ohjaustoiminnan koulutusohjelmassa tehdyistä opinnäytetöistä on ollut niissä mukana olleille työelämäyhteyksille. Aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoidulla haastattelulla neljältä hämeenlinnalaiselta työelämäedustajalta, jotka olivat toimineet ohjaustoiminnan opinnäytetyön ohjaajana vuosina 2004—2009. Aineisto analysoitiin koodaamalla ja teemoittelemalla. Opinnäytetyön taustaksi perehdyttiin teoriaan ammattikorkeakoulun historiasta, opinnäytetyöstä, verkostoitumisesta sekä kumppanuudesta. Lisäksi teoria käsitteli vanhustyötä ja kulttuurista virkistystoimintaa, jotka yhdistivät tutkimuksen lähtökohtana olleita opinnäytetöitä. Tuloksena voidaan esittää, että opinnäytetöistä on ollut työelämälle monenlaista hyötyä. Opinnäytetyöt ovat tuottaneet tietoa ja materiaalia, joita on hyödynnetty työpaikalla. Lisäksi opinnäytetöiden sekä niiden tekijöiden on koettu tuovan virkistystä työelämäedustajien arkeen ja heidän työnsä on tullut näkyväksi niiden kautta. Opinnäytetöiden sisällä toteutetuilla toiminnallisilla osuuksilla on ollut positiivisia vaikutuksia myös asiakkaisiin. Tämän opinnäytetyön tutkimuskohde oli hämeenlinnalaiset työelämäedustajat. Pohdinnassa esitettiin ehdotus jatkotutkimuksesta, jossa työelämäedustajien kokemuksia ohjaustoiminnan opinnäytetöiden suhteen voisi selvittää myös muualla Suomessa.The thesis was commissioned by the Degree Programme in Crafts and Recreation at HAMK University of Applied Sciences and the aim was to find out if the theses made in the degree programme offered any long-term benefits for the working-life. The starting point was five theses previously made in the Degree Programme in Crafts and Recreation. These theses were made in the field of elderly care. The aim was to find out what kind of benefits the theses had offered to the working-life partners that had participated in the process. The data was collected by half-structured interviews conducted with four representatives from the working-life in Hämeenlinna. They had been tutoring the students during 2004—2009. The collected data was analyzed by using codes and themes. The theoretical frame of the thesis introduces some history of the university of applied sciences, theory underlying the Bachelor’s Thesis, networking and partnership. In addition, the theoretical frame discusses work with the aged and cultural recreation activities - common factors in all the Bachelor’s Theses in question. Based on the research it can be stated that the Bachelor’s Theses have provided many benefits for the working-life. They have produced information and material that have been utilised in the workplaces. In addition to that, the theses and the students have invigorated the everyday life of the tutors and made their work visible. The activities carried out in conjunction with the theses have also had positive influences on the clients. The research subjects in this thesis were representatives from the working-life in Hämeenlinna. A suggestion for further study in the degree programme in Crafts and Recreation could be to explore the experiences of working-life partners even in other parts of Finland

Study of seawater biofiltration by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and turbidity

In the present study, we examined seawater biofiltration in terms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and turbidity. A pilot biofilter continuously fed with fresh seawater reduced both turbidity and biological activity measured by ATP. Experiments operated with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of between 2 and 14 min resulted in cellular ATP removals of 32% to 60% and turbidity removals of 38% to 75%. Analysis of the water from backwashing the biofilter revealed that the first half of the biofilter concentrated around 80% of the active biomass and colloidal material that produces turbidity. By reducing the EBCT, the biological activity moved from the first part of the biofilter to the end. Balances of cellular ATP and turbidity between consecutive backwashings indicated that the biological activity generated in the biofilter represented more than 90% of the detached cellular ATP. In contrast, the trapped ATP was less than 10% of the overall cellular ATP detached during the backwashing process. Furthermore, the biological activity generated in the biofilter seemed to be more dependent on the elapsed time than the volume filtered. In contrast, the turbidity trapped in the biofilter was proportional to the volume filtered, although a slightly higher amount of turbidity was found in the backwashing water; this was probably due to attrition of the bed medium. Finally, no correlations were found between turbidity and ATP, indicating that the two parameters focus on different matter. This suggests that turbidity should not be used as an alternative to cellular concentration

Effects of inorganic nitrogen (NH4Cl) and biodegradable organic carbon (CH3COONa) additions on a pilot-scale seawater biofilter

Biofilters degrade only a small fraction of the natural organic matter (NOM) contained in seawater which is the leading cause of biofouling in downstream processes. This work studies the effects of chemical additions on NOM biodegradation by biofilters. In this work, biofiltration of seawater with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 6 min and a hydraulic loading rate of 10 m h-1 reduces the biological oxygen demand (BOD7) by 8%, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 6% and the UV absorbance at 254 nm (A254) by 7%. Different amounts of ammonium chloride are added to the seawater (up to twice the total dissolved nitrogen in untreated seawater) to study its possible effect on the removal of NOM by a pilot-scale biofilter. Seawater is amended with different amounts of easily biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) supplied as sodium acetate (up to twice the DOC) for the same purpose. The results of this work reveal that the ammonium chloride additions do not significantly affect NOM removal and the sodium acetate is completely consumed by the biofiltration process. For both types of chemical additions, the BOD7, DOC and A254 in the outlet stream of the biofilter are similar to the values for the untreated control. These results indicate that this biofilter easily removes the BDOC from the seawater when the EBCT is not above 6 min. Furthermore, nitrogen does not limit the NOM biodegradation in seawater under these experimental conditions

Estudi del compostatge de residus de neteja de boscos

Hom ha estudiat l'evolució de l'humus durant el procés de compostatge de residus triturats provinents de la neteja de boscos de pi roig amb ginebre. També s'ha valorat les possibilitats d'utilització del compost obtingut com a substrat vegetal. La composició d'aquests residus, rics en fusta de pi i branquillons (85 %), i llur elevada granulometria, n'han dificultat la rápida descomposició, bé que la fracció restant, constituida per escorça i fullaraca (15 %), ha donat lloc a un humus de força bona qualitat. Els paràmetres analítics que consideren el material globalment, com la matèria orgánica total (MOT), el carboni oxidable total (COT), la relació GIN, la taxa de mineralització complementària (TMC) i els pirogrames, indiquen una baixa transformació dels residus, a causa de l'abundància de fragments grollers de fusta. Malgrat tot, els paràmetres que fan referencia a l'humus extret senyalen uns grans canvis en el contingut d'àcids húmics i fúlvics, en la relació C/N, en l'anàlisi elemental dels àcids húmics i en els pirogrames, de manera que hom obté, al final del procés, un humus de bona qualitat. La corba de retenció d'aigua demostra clarament que no és un material adequat corn a substrat, si Inés no atesa la granulometria estudiada.Se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de la evolución del humus durante el proceso de compostaje de residuos triturados provenientes del desbroce de bosques de Pinus sylvestris con Juniperus communis. Se ha valorado también la posibilidad de utilización del compost obtenido como substrato vegetal. La composición de estos residuos, ricos en madera de pino y pequeñas ramitas (85 %) y la granulometria elevada, ha dificultado su rápida descomposición, la fracción restante, cortezas y hojarasca fundamentalmente (15 %), ha dado lugar a un humus de buena calidad. Los parámetros analíticos referidos a la globalidad del material, como son la Materia Orgánica Total, el Carbono Oxidable Total, la relación GIN, la Tasa de Mineralización Complementaria y los pirogramas, indican la poca transformación del residuo, debido fundamentalmente, a la abundancia de fragmentos de madera de tamaño de partícula elevado. Por otra parte, los parámetros referentes al humus extraído señalan unos grandes cambios en el contenido en ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos, en la relación C/N, en el análisis elemental de los ácidos húmicos y en los pirogramas, dando lugar, al final del proceso, a un humus de buena calidad. La curva de retención de agua demuestra claramente que no es un material adecuado como substrato, al menos, con la granulometria estudiada.It has been studied the humus evolution during the composting process of smashed remains coming from the clearing up of Pinus sylvestris with Juniperus communis forests. It has also been considered the possibility to use the obtained compost as a vegetal substract. The composition of this remains, which are rich in pine wood and little branches (85 %) and have a high grade of granulometry, has made it difficult to de compose quickly, though the remaining fraction, bark of tree and frondage fundamentaly (15 %), has produced a good quality humus. The analitic parameters which qualify the whole material (like Total Organic Matter, Total Oxidable Carbon, C/N relationship, Complementary Mineralization Rate and pyrograms) shows a low remains transformation due to the abundance of great wood fragments. However, the parameters which refer to the extracted humus show important changes in the contents of Humic and Fulvic acids, GIN relationship, elemental analysis of Humic acids and pyrograms, obtaining, at the end of the process, a good quality humus. The Water Retention Graphic, clearly proves it isn't a good material to use as a vegetal substract, at least, with this high granulometry

Estudi del compostatge de residus de neteja de boscos

Hom ha estudiat l'evolució de l'humus durant el procés de compostatge de residus triturats provinents de la neteja de boscos de pi roig amb ginebre. També s'ha valorat les possibilitats d'utilització del compost obtingut com a substrat vegetal. La composició d'aquests residus, rics en fusta de pi i branquillons (85 %), i llur elevada granulometria, n'han dificultat la rápida descomposició, bé que la fracció restant, constituïda per escorça i fullaraca (15 %), ha donat lloc a un humus de força bona qualitat. Els paràmetres analítics que consideren el material globalment, com la matèria orgànica total (MOT), el carboni oxidable total (COT), la relació C/N, la taxa de mineralització complementària (TMC) i els pirogrames, indiquen una baixa transformació dels residus, a causa de l'abundància de fragments grollers de fusta. Malgrat tot, els paràmetres que fan referencia a l'humus extret senyalen uns grans canvis en el contingut d'àcids húmics i fúlvics, en la relació C/N, en l'anàlisi elemental dels àcids húmics i en els pirogrames, de manera que hom obté, al final del procés, un humus de bona qualitat. La corba de retenció d'aigua demostra clarament que no és un material adequat corn a substrat, si Inés no atesa la granulometria estudiada.It has been studied the humus evolution during the composting process of smashed remains coming from the clearing up of Pinus sylvestris with Juniperus communis forests. It has also been considered the possibility to use the obtained compost as a vegetal substract. The composition of this remains, which are rich in pine wood and little branches (85 %) and have a high grade of granulometry, has made it difficult to decompose quickly, though the remaining fraction, bark of tree and frondage fundamentaly (15 %), has produced a good quality humus. The analitic parameters which qualify the whole material (like Total Organic Matter, Total Oxidable Carbon, C/N relationship, Complementary Mineralization Rate and pyrograms) shows a low remains transformation dueto the abundance ofgreat wood fragments. However, the parameters which refer to the extracted humus show important changes in the contents of Humic and Fulvic acids, GIN relationship, elemental analysis of Humic acids and pyrograms, obtaining, at the end of the process, a good quality humus. The Water Retention Graphic, clearly proves it isn't a good material to use as a vegetal substract, at least, with this high granulometry.Se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de la evolución del humus durante el proceso de compostaje de residuos triturados provenientes del desbroce de bosques de Pinus sylvestris con Juniperus communis. Se ha valorado también la posibilidad de utilización del compost obtenido como substrato vegetal. La composición de estos residuos, ricos en madera de pino y pequeñas ramitas (85 %) y la granulometria elevada, ha dificultado su rápida descomposición, la fracción restante, cortezas y hojarasca fundamentalmente (15 %), ha dado lugar a un humus de buena calidad. Los parámetros analíticos referidos a la globalidad del material, como son la Materia Orgánica Total, el Carbono Oxidable Total, la relación C/N, la Tasa de Mineralización Complementaria y los pirogramas, indican la poca transformación del residuo, debido fundamentalmente, a la abundancia de fragmentos de madera de tamaño de partícula elevado. Por otra parte, los parámetros referentes al humus extraído señalan unos grandes cambios en el contenido en ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos, en la relación C/N, en el análisis elemental de los ácidos húmicos y en los pirogramas, dando lugar, al final del proceso, a un humus de buena calidad. La curva de retención de agua demuestra claramente que no es un material adecuado como substrato, al menos, con la granulometria estudiada

Study of seawater biofiltration by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and turbidity

In the present study, we examined seawater biofiltration in terms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and turbidity. A pilot biofilter continuously fed with fresh seawater reduced both turbidity and biological activity measured by ATP. Experiments operated with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of between 2 and 14 min resulted in cellular ATP removals of 32% to 60% and turbidity removals of 38% to 75%. Analysis of the water from backwashing the biofilter revealed that the first half of the biofilter concentrated around 80% of the active biomass and colloidal material that produces turbidity. By reducing the EBCT, the biological activity moved from the first part of the biofilter to the end. Balances of cellular ATP and turbidity between consecutive backwashings indicated that the biological activity generated in the biofilter represented more than 90% of the detached cellular ATP. In contrast, the trapped ATP was less than 10% of the overall cellular ATP detached during the backwashing process. Furthermore, the biological activity generated in the biofilter seemed to be more dependent on the elapsed time than the volume filtered. In contrast, the turbidity trapped in the biofilter was proportional to the volume filtered, although a slightly higher amount of turbidity was found in the backwashing water; this was probably due to attrition of the bed medium. Finally, no correlations were found between turbidity and ATP, indicating that the two parameters focus on different matter. This suggests that turbidity should not be used as an alternative to cellular concentration

Study on the removal of biodegradable NOM from seawater using biofiltration

Despite the low biodegradability of seawater NOM, problems associated with biofouling are common in facilities that handle seawater. In this work, a fixed-film aerobic biofilter is proposed as an effective unit for preventing biofouling in such facilities. A packed-bed biofilter with an EBCT = 6 - 11 min was employed. The results demonstrated that the DOC is reduced by 6% and the BOD7 is reduced up to 15%. The LC-OCD analysis revealed that biofiltration abates the LMW neutrals and biopolymer fractions by 33 and 17%, respectively. However, the fractionation with UF membrane showed that the biofiltration process is able to degrade the more biodegradable compounds that have molecular weights that are greater than 1 kDa and compounds with molecular weights of less than 1 kDa. After biofiltration, the biological activity measured in terms of ATP removal was reduced by 60%. Finally, a test to evaluate the biofilm formation capacity of a water sample revealed reductions of ~94% when comparing biofiltered and non-biofiltered seawater. Therefore, a fixed-film aerobic biofiltration process could be a useful treatment for the removal of biodegradable organic matter from seawater and for improving the water quality in terms of less biofilm formation capacity

Effects of inorganic nitrogen (NH4Cl) and biodegradable organic carbon (CH3COONa) additions on a pilot-scale seawater biofilter

Biofilters degrade only a small fraction of the natural organic matter (NOM) contained in seawater which is the leading cause of biofouling in downstream processes. This work studies the effects of chemical additions on NOM biodegradation by biofilters. In this work, biofiltration of seawater with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 6 min and a hydraulic loading rate of 10 m h-1 reduces the biological oxygen demand (BOD7) by 8%, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 6% and the UV absorbance at 254 nm (A254) by 7%. Different amounts of ammonium chloride are added to the seawater (up to twice the total dissolved nitrogen in untreated seawater) to study its possible effect on the removal of NOM by a pilot-scale biofilter. Seawater is amended with different amounts of easily biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) supplied as sodium acetate (up to twice the DOC) for the same purpose. The results of this work reveal that the ammonium chloride additions do not significantly affect NOM removal and the sodium acetate is completely consumed by the biofiltration process. For both types of chemical additions, the BOD7, DOC and A254 in the outlet stream of the biofilter are similar to the values for the untreated control. These results indicate that this biofilter easily removes the BDOC from the seawater when the EBCT is not above 6 min. Furthermore, nitrogen does not limit the NOM biodegradation in seawater under these experimental conditions