Análisis Empírico del Papel de las Competencias Generales en el Marco de los Estudios Superiores.

En plena implantación de los nuevos planes de estudio de acuerdo al EEES, las universidades se enfrentan a un nuevo modelo educativo basado en competencias: competencias específicas y competencias generales. Las competencias específicas están asociadas a la adquisición y desarrollo de conocimientos de un área en particular, mientras que las competencias generales son transversales al plan de estudios y definen capacidades, habilidades y/o aptitudes que el alumno debe desarrollar para aplicarlas a lo largo de su carrera profesional. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar una guía al docente sobre las posibles mejoras para tratar el mayor número de competencias generales satisfactoriamente. Concretamente, se ha analizado la manera en la que los docentes están promoviendo y desarrollando las competencias generales con el objetivo de detectar carencias, mejoras y necesidades. El análisis se ha realizado sobre el profesorado de la Titulación de Graduado en Ingeniería del Software de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Scale-invariant alternatives to general relativity. III. : The inflation-dark energy connection

We discuss the cosmological phenomenology of biscalar-tensor models displaying a maximally symmetric Einstein-frame kinetic sector and constructed on the basis of scale symmetry and volumepreserving diffeomorphisms. These theories contain a single dimensionful parameter Lambda(0) -associated with the invariance under the aforementioned restricted coordinate transformations-and a massless dilaton field. At large field values these scenarios lead to inflation with no generation of isocurvature perturbations. The corresponding predictions depend only on two dimensionless parameters, which characterize the curvature of the field manifold and the leading-order behavior of the inflationary potential. For Lambda(0) = 0 the scale symmetry is unbroken and the dilaton admits only derivative couplings to matter, evading all fifthforce constraints. For Lambda(0)( )not equal 0 the field acquires a runaway potential that can support a dark-energy - dominated era at late times. We confront a minimalistic realization of this appealing framework with observations using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, with likelihoods from present baryon acoustic oscillation, type la supernova, and cosmic microwave background data. A Bayesian model comparison indicates a preference for the considered model over ACDM, under certain assumptions for the priors. The impact of possible consistency relations among the early and late Universe dynamics that can appear within this setting is discussed with the use of correlation matrices. The results indicate that a precise determination of the inflationary observables and the dark energy equation of state could significantly constrain the model parameters.Peer reviewe

Consequences of using biodiesel on the injection and air-fuel mixing processes in diesel engines

(c) IMechE 2013A study of the injection process and spray behaviour was made for three different fuels. In particular, blends of rapeseed methyl ester and standard diesel fuel with 5% and 30% biodiesel were used for the current study, as well as pure rapeseed methyl ester. Hydraulic characterization of an eight-hole nozzle was carried out using these three fuels, in order to explore and analyse the influence of the fuel properties on the mass flow rate and the momentum flux at the nozzle exit. Additionally, spray visualization tests were performed in order to obtain information about the spray cone angle, which allows characterization of the air-fuel mixing process. Finally, a theoretical derivation was used to obtain further details of the microscopic characteristics of the spray and to compare the air-fuel mixing efficiencies for the different biodiesel blends.This work was partly supported by Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia in the framework of the Project Estudio del Flujo en Toberas de Inyeccion Diesel Mediante Tecnicas LES (project no. 2837) and by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion in the framework of the Project Estudio Teorico-experimental sobre la Influencia del Tipo de Combustible en Los Procesos de Atomizacion y Evaporacion del Chorro Diesel (project no. TRA2011-26293).Salvador Rubio, FJ.; Ruiz Rosales, S.; Salavert Fernández, JM.; De La Morena Borja, J. (2013). Consequences of using biodiesel on the injection and air-fuel mixing processes in diesel engines. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 227(8):1130-1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407012463667S113011412278Altın, R., Çetinkaya, S., & Yücesu, H. S. (2001). The potential of using vegetable oil fuels as fuel for diesel engines. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(5), 529-538. doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00080-7Rakopoulos, C. D., Antonopoulos, K. A., Rakopoulos, D. C., Hountalas, D. T., & Giakoumis, E. G. (2006). Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection Diesel engine using blends of Diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(18-19), 3272-3287. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2006.01.006Agarwal, A. K. (2007). Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33(3), 233-271. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2006.08.003Basha, S. A., Gopal, K. R., & Jebaraj, S. (2009). A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7), 1628-1634. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.031Luján, J. M., Bermúdez, V., Tormos, B., & Pla, B. (2009). Comparative analysis of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European MVEG-A cycle: Performance and emissions (II). Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(6-7), 948-956. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.02.003Golovitchev, V. I., & Yang, J. (2009). Construction of combustion models for rapeseed methyl ester bio-diesel fuel for internal combustion engine applications. Biotechnology Advances, 27(5), 641-655. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.024LAPUERTA, M., ARMAS, O., & RODRIGUEZFERNANDEZ, J. (2008). Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34(2), 198-223. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2007.07.001Payri, F., Bermúdez, V., Payri, R., & Salvador, F. J. (2004). The influence of cavitation on the internal flow and the spray characteristics in diesel injection nozzles. Fuel, 83(4-5), 419-431. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2003.09.010Jung, K., Khil, T., & Yoon, Y. (2006). Effects of Orifice Internal Flow on Breakup Characteristics of like-Doublet Injectors. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 22(3), 653-660. doi:10.2514/1.20362Park, S. H., Suh, H. K., & Lee, C. S. (2008). Effect of Cavitating Flow on the Flow and Fuel Atomization Characteristics of Biodiesel and Diesel Fuels. Energy & Fuels, 22(1), 605-613. doi:10.1021/ef7003305PAYRI, R., GARCIA, J., SALVADOR, F., & GIMENO, J. (2005). Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics. Fuel, 84(5), 551-561. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.10.009Pastor, J. V., Arrègle, J., García, J. M., & Zapata, L. D. (2007). Segmentation of diesel spray images with log-likelihood ratio test algorithm for non-Gaussian distributions. Applied Optics, 46(6), 888. doi:10.1364/ao.46.000888Desantes, J. M., Payri, R., Garcia, J. M., & Salvador, F. J. (2007). A contribution to the understanding of isothermal diesel spray dynamics. Fuel, 86(7-8), 1093-1101. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.10.011Desantes, J. M., Salvador, F. J., López, J. J., & De la Morena, J. (2010). Study of mass and momentum transfer in diesel sprays based on X-ray mass distribution measurements and on a theoretical derivation. Experiments in Fluids, 50(2), 233-246. doi:10.1007/s00348-010-0919-8Salvador, F. J., Ruiz, S., Gimeno, J., & De la Morena, J. (2011). Estimation of a suitable Schmidt number range in diesel sprays at high injection pressure. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50(9), 1790-1798. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.03.030Payri, R., Tormos, B., Salvador, F. J., & Araneo, L. (2008). Spray droplet velocity characterization for convergent nozzles with three different diameters. Fuel, 87(15-16), 3176-3182. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.05.028Luján, J. M., Tormos, B., Salvador, F. J., & Gargar, K. (2009). Comparative analysis of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European MVEG-A cycle: Preliminary study (I). Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(6-7), 941-947. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.02.004Salvador, F. J., Martínez-López, J., Romero, J.-V., & Roselló, M.-D. (2011). Influence of biofuels on the internal flow in diesel injector nozzles. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 54(7-8), 1699-1705. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2010.12.010Desantes, J. M., Payri, R., Salvador, F. J., & Gil, A. (2006). Development and validation of a theoretical model for diesel spray penetration. Fuel, 85(7-8), 910-917. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2005.10.023Wang, X., Huang, Z., Kuti, O. A., Zhang, W., & Nishida, K. (2010). Experimental and analytical study on biodiesel and diesel spray characteristics under ultra-high injection pressure. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 31(4), 659-666. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2010.03.006Pogorevc, P., Kegl, B., & Skerget, L. (2008). Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Spray Simulations. Energy & Fuels, 22(2), 1266-1274. doi:10.1021/ef700544rGao, Y., Deng, J., Li, C., Dang, F., Liao, Z., Wu, Z., & Li, L. (2009). Experimental study of the spray characteristics of biodiesel based on inedible oil. Biotechnology Advances, 27(5), 616-624. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.022Lee, C. S., Park, S. W., & Kwon, S. I. (2005). An Experimental Study on the Atomization and Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel-Blended Fuels. Energy & Fuels, 19(5), 2201-2208. doi:10.1021/ef050026hKamrak, J., Kongsombut, B., Grehan, G., Saengkaew, S., Kim, K.-S., & Charinpanitkul, T. (2009). Mechanistic study on spraying of blended biodiesel using phase Doppler anemometry. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(10), 1452-1457. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.06.011Payri, R., Salvador, F. J., Gimeno, J., & Zapata, L. D. (2008). Diesel nozzle geometry influence on spray liquid-phase fuel penetration in evaporative conditions. Fuel, 87(7), 1165-1176. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.05

Role of breathing training programs on quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients

Background: Due to its chronic and progressive nature, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects patients in many spheres including their perception of quality of life (QOL). Breathing training techniques have shown positive effects on health and QOL for different conditions. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a scoping review to examine the characteristics related to the application of breathing training on patients with CKD, and to identify the relevant outcomes and target group for the application of breathing training. Methods: This scoping review was performed in accordance with PRISMA-SRc guidelines. We systematically searched three electronic databases for articles published before March 2022. The studies included patients with chronic kidney disease that received breathing training programs. The breathing training programs were compared to usual care or no treatment. Results: A total of four studies were included in this scoping review. The four studies had heterogeneous disease stages and breathing training programs. All the studies included reported positive effects of breathing training programs on QOL of CKD patients. Conclusion: The breathing training programs were able to improve the quality of life of patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis treatment.Spanish Ministry of Education [grant number FPU: 20/0167

Late-type members of young stellar kinematic groups - I. Single stars

This is the first paper of a series aimed at studying the properties of late-type members of young stellar kinematic groups. We concentrate our study on classical young moving groups such as the Local Association (Pleiades moving group, 20-150 Myr), IC 2391 supercluster (35 Myr), Ursa Major group (Sirius supercluster, 300 Myr), and Hyades supercluster (600 Myr), as well as on recently identified groups such as the Castor moving group (200 Myr). In this paper we compile a preliminary list of single late-type possible members of some of these young stellar kinematic groups. Stars are selected from previously established members of stellar kinematic groups based on photometric and kinematic properties as well as from candidates based on other criteria such as their level of chromospheric activity, rotation rate and lithium abundance. Precise measurements of proper motions and parallaxes taken from the Hipparcos Catalogue, as well as from the Tycho-2 Catalogue, and published radial velocity measurements are used to calculate the Galactic space motions (U, V W) and to apply Eggen's kinematic criteria in order to determine the membership of the selected stars to the different groups. Additional criteria using age-dating methods for late-type stars will be applied in forthcoming papers of this series. A further study of the list of stars compiled here could lead to a better understanding of the chromospheric activity and their age evolution, as well as of the star formation history in the solar neighbourhood. In addition, these stars are also potential search targets for direct imaging detection of substellar companions

Monitoring of emerging water stress situations by thermal and vegetation indices in different almond cultivars

In recent years, the area dedicated to modern irrigated almond plantations has increased significantly in Spain. However, the legal irrigation allocations are lower than the maximum water requirements of the crop in most cases. Therefore, almond growers are forced to implement regulated deficit irrigation strategies on their farms, applying water stress in certain resistant phenological periods and avoiding it in sensitive periods. Given the need to monitor the water status of the crop, especially in the most sensitive periods to water stress, the objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of two UAV-based crop water status indicators to detect early water stress conditions in four almond cultivars. The field trial was conducted during 2020 in an experimental almond orchard, where two irrigation strategies were established: full irrigation (FI), which received 100% of irrigation requirements (IR), and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), which received 70% of IR during the whole irrigation period except during the kernel-filling stage when received 40% IR. The UAV flights were performed on four selected dates of the irrigation season. The Crop Water Status Index (CWSI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were derived from thermal and multispectral images, respectively, and compared to classical water status indicators, i.e., stem water potential (Ψstem ), stomatal conductance (gs ), and photosynthetic rate (AN ). Of the four flights performed, three corresponded to mild water stress conditions and a single flight was performed under moderate water stress conditions. Under mild water stress, CWSI was not able to capture the differences between FI and RDI trees that were observed with Ψstem . Under moderate stress conditions, CWSI was sensitive to the water deficit reached in the trees and showed significant differences among both irrigation treatments. No differences were observed in the CWSI and NVDI response to water stress among cultivars. Although NDVI and CWSI were sensitive to water stress, the low signal intensity observed in NDVI makes this index less robust than CWSI to monitor crop water stress. It can be concluded that UAV-based CWSI measurements are reliable to monitor almond water status, although for early (mild) levels of water stress, Ψstem seems to be the preferred option.Junta de Andalucía AVA.AVA2019.05

In vitro gas production kinetics and degradability of a diet for growing lambs: effect of fibrolytic enzyme products at different dose levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three fibrolytic enzyme products (cellulase (CEL), xylanase (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX)) at three dose levels (0, 1 and 3 lL/0.5 g DM) on the in vitro fermentation of a diet for growing lambs. Bottles were incubated for 96 h at 39 C. A mathematical model was used to estimate the parameters describing the gas production (GP) curve (b, c and L). Dry matter degradability (DMD) and fibre (NDFD and ADFD) degradability were determined at the end of the incubation period. Metabolisable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were calculated at 24 h of incubation. The asymptotic GP (parameter b) was affected (p<0.02) by enzyme product and dose level, with a significant linear response (p<0.05). Dose level affected ME and SCFA with a significant linear (p<0.05) and quadratic (p<0.01) response. The interaction between enzyme product and dose level was significant (p<0.05) for cumulative GP up to 72 and 96 h of incubation, pH, ADFD and DMD. The results suggest that application of exogenous cellulases has the potential to alter asymptotic GP and degradability of ADF and DM of a diet for growing lambs, but most of the results depend on the interaction between enzyme product and dose level. Future studies are required to determine the ideal combination between enzyme product and dose level for optimal degradation of ruminant feeds

Utilidad del uso de acelerometría en la valoración del riesgo de caida en adultos mayores autovalentes que residen en la comunidad

Tesis (Kinesiólogo)La población de adultos mayores a nivel global crece a pasos acelerados. Las caídas son muy frecuentes en esta etapa del ciclo vital, las cuales suelen estar asociados a elevados riesgos de morbilidad y mortalidad, según datos de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) “Cada año se producen aproximadamente un total de 37,3 millones de caídas a nivel global, de las cuales fallecen un total de 424.000 personas por la gravedad de las lesiones”. En Chile existen pruebas propuestas por el Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), como la Estación Unipodal (EU) y el “Timed Up and Go” (TUG), usados para predecir los riesgos de caídas durante las actividades de la vida diaria, principalmente en la marcha. Estos carecen de exactitud y precisión si no se complementan con métodos de mayor especificidad y sensibilidad. La manera de determinar con mayor eficacia el riesgo de caída lo otorga la acelerometría, ya que estudia el comportamiento del centro de masa, el cual nos entrega información más relevante y objetiva acerca de la posibilidad de caer (a través de las mediciones de las variables de la marcha). Revisar la utilidad del estudio acelerométrico como complemento a la detección del riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores propuestos en las guías MINSAL. Se realizó una investigación de tipo revisión narrativa, en la cual se investigaron sólo los artículos científicos pertenecientes a las bases de datos como: la selección Mesh de Pubmed, Elsevier, Science Direct Cochrane Library. Se usaron las siguientes palabras claves: “adulto mayor” (“elderly”), “acelerometría” (“accelerometry”), “marcha” (“gait”), “caída” (“fall”), de los estudios que se encontraron en las distintas bases de datos se les aplicaron múltiples filtros para terminar finalmente hacer la selección de los documentos más adecuados para levantar la investigación. De 259 números de “papers” que se encontraron, se seleccionaron 23 documentos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de esta investigación, los cuales abordan temas referentes sobre caídas en la población AM, el comportamiento del centro de masas durante la marcha y su evaluación mediante la acelerometría demostrando dicha evidencia de los estudios revisados que tiene una mayor especificidad y sensibilidad para este evento. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos de revisión bibliográfica mostraron que los parámetros acelerométricos del centro de masa de usuarios caedores y/o con alto riesgo de caídas tienen una clara tendencia a presentar valores menores en comparación con los de usuarios no caedores o con bajo riesgo de caídas en los AM.The global elder population is growing at a fast pace. Falls are very frequent at this stage of life, which are often associated with high morbidity and mortality risks. According to the World Health Organization (WHO). "Each year, approximately 37.3 million people fall worldwide, and a total of 424,000 people die due to the complexity of the injuries." In Chile, proofs have been shown by the Ministry of Health (MINSAL), such as the Unipodal [g1] Station (EU) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG), used to predict the risks of[g2] falls during daily life activities, mainly while walking. These two methods lack of accuracy and precision if they are not complemented by more specific and sensitive methods. The way most effective way to determine the risk of fall is by the accelerometry, since it studies the behavior of the center of mass, which provides us more relevant and objective information about the possibility of falling (through the measurements of the variables while walking), from the studies found in the different databases multiple filters are applied to finish making the selection of the most appropriate documents to lift the research. Objective/Goal: To review the utility of accelerometric studies as a complement to the detection of risk of falls in older adults proposed by the MINSAL guidelines. Method: A research through a narrative review was carried out, in which only the scientific articles belonging to databases such as Pubmed Mesh selection, Elsevier, Science Direct Cochrane Library were investigated. The following key words were used: “adulto mayor” (elderly), “acelerometría” (accelerometry), “marcha” (gait), “caída” (fall). From the studies that were found in the different data bases, multiple filters were applied to finally make the selection of the more suitable documents to carry the research. Outcomes: 23 out of 259 papers were selected which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this research, which address issues related to falls in the elder people population, the behavior of the center of mass while walking and its evaluation by accelerometry proving the evidence of the reviewed studies that are more specific and sensitive for this event. 5 Conclusion: The results obtained from a bibliographic review showed that the accelerometric parameters of the center of mass of users with high risk of falls have a clear tendency to present lower values compare to those of users without or with a low risk of falls in the elder peopl