59 research outputs found

    Etude de piĂšces anciennes par analyse PIXE. Comparaison avec d'autres techniques

    No full text
    Des piĂšces de monnaie anciennes de trois espĂšces diffĂ©rentes (gauloises, romaines, hammadites) ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par Ă©mission de rayons X induite par particules chargĂ©es (PIXE). Des Ă©tudes par microsonde Ă©lectronique et activation par neutrons lents et rapides ont permis une comparaison des diverses techniques pour prĂ©ciser les informations et complĂ©ter les rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux. Dans cet article nous prĂ©sentons les conclusions d'intĂ©rĂȘt archĂ©ologique qui peuvent ĂȘtre extraites de ces diffĂ©rentes applications de la physique

    Le triÚdre ptérygo-clivien: reconstruction en 3D, stabilité ou variations possibles au cours de la croissance

    Get PDF
    The growth’s study, from skull’s radiographics, needs the use of superposition’s structures. Three X ray radiographics pictures from the front, from profile and from under are retalling by a soft. This orthogonazilation’s step has been realized for every child at two different ages. The reconstruction of the «clivus» straight and «pterygoĂŻde» straights from three views gives the « pterygo-clivus triedre» which stability is studied for time.L’étude de la croissance, Ă  partir de tĂ©lĂ©crĂąnes, nĂ©cessite l’emploi de structures de superposition. Trois clichĂ©s radiographiques rayons X de face, de profil, en incidence axiale, ont Ă©tĂ© orthogonalisĂ©s par un logiciel. Cette Ă©tape a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour chaque enfant Ă  deux Ăąges diffĂ©rents. La reconstruction de la droite clivienne et des droites ptĂ©rygoĂŻdiennes sur les trois vues forme le triĂšdre ptĂ©rygo-clivien dont nous Ă©tudions la stabilitĂ© dans le temps

    MĂ©thode d'orthogonalisation de clichĂ©s radio X par traitement d'images autorisant la reconstruction 3D d'Ă©lĂ©ments de la tĂȘte

    Get PDF
    In order to known better the unrolling of the growth, we dispode several radiographies elements which is sometimes difficult to connect with themselves.Using the computer, may give us the solution to this problem. We describe here a soft which authorizes the 3D reconstruction dating from X-ray radiographic pictures. During step called orthogonalization, the three pictures from the front, from profile and from under, are retalling by the soft. When it’s realized, any visible point from two views will automatically be visible in the third view.Pour mieux connaĂźtre le dĂ©roulement de la croissance, nous pouvons disposer de plusieurs Ă©lĂ©ments radiographiques qu’il est parfois difficile de relier entre eux.La rĂ©ponse Ă  ce problĂšme peut ĂȘtre apportĂ©e par l’utilisation de moyens informatiques. Nous dĂ©crivons ici un logiciel qui autorise la reconstruction en 3D Ă  partir de clichĂ©s radiographiques rayons X. Les trois clichĂ©s de face, de profil, et de dessous sont recadrĂ©s par le logiciel dans une Ă©tape dite «d’orthogonalisation». Une fois celle-ci rĂ©alisĂ©e, n’importe quel point visible sur deux vues sera automatiquement visible sur la troisiĂšme

    Uniform regularity for the Navier-Stokes equation with Navier boundary condition

    Full text link
    We prove that there exists an interval of time which is uniform in the vanishing viscosity limit and for which the Navier-Stokes equation with Navier boundary condition has a strong solution. This solution is uniformly bounded in a conormal Sobolev space and has only one normal derivative bounded in L∞L^\infty. This allows to get the vanishing viscosity limit to the incompressible Euler system from a strong compactness argument

    Evaluation intégrée des mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées à enjeu "qualité des eaux" sur la période 2007 à 2011 : le projet MAEVEAU

    Get PDF
    The MAEVEAU project has developed an approach for an integrated assessment of effectiveness of regionalized Agro-Environmental Measures (MAET) intended to preserve water quality in relation to pesticides. This approach investigates the concept of efficiency through a triple analysis: the impact (net effects), the environmental cost-effectiveness and the role of organizational factors in the contracting process. The impact is assessed by a quasi-experimental approach by counterfactuals and examines adaptation of the matching method to the regionalized MAET. Cost-effectiveness analysis is based on integrated modeling spatially distributed coupling the agro-hydrological SWAT model, pesticides pressure indicators and a bio-economic model optimizing gross margin. The effectiveness of organizational factors focuses on transaction costs, the role of collective action and preferences for alternative contracts.La recherche conduite dans le projet MAEVEAU a développé une démarche d'évaluation intégrée de l'efficacité des Mesures Agro-Environnementales Territorialisées (MAET) à enjeu préservation de la qualité de l'eau vis-à-vis des pesticides sur la période 2007 à 2011. La question scientifique traite le concept d'efficacité de la politique en s'appuyant sur une triangulation des approches: une évaluation de l'impact (c'est-à-dire des effets propres de la politique), une évaluation coût-efficacité environnementale et une évaluation du rÎle des facteurs organisationnels dans le processus d'adhésion. L'impact est évalué par une approche quasi-expérimentale par contrefactuel et questionne l'adaptation de la méthode du matching à la territorialisation des MAET. L'analyse coût-efficacité s'appuie sur une modélisation intégrée spatialisée couplant modÚle agro-hydrologique, indicateurs pesticides spatialisés et optimisation économique des marges brutes. L'efficacité des facteurs organisationnels s'est intéressée aux coûts de transaction, au rÎle de l'action collective et aux préférences pour des contrats alternatifs

    Glucose utilization via glycogen phosphorylase sustains proliferation and prevents premature senescence in cancer cells.

    Get PDF
    Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells provides energy and multiple intermediates critical for cell growth. Hypoxia in tumors represents a hostile environment that can encourage these transformations. We report that glycogen metabolism is upregulated in tumors in vivo and in cancer cells in vitro in response to hypoxia. In vitro, hypoxia induced an early accumulation of glycogen, followed by a gradual decline. Concordantly, glycogen synthase (GYS1) showed a rapid induction, followed by a later increase of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL). PYGL depletion and the consequent glycogen accumulation led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that contributed to a p53-dependent induction of senescence and markedly impaired tumorigenesis in vivo. Metabolic analyses indicated that glycogen degradation by PYGL is important for the optimal function of the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus, glycogen metabolism is a key pathway induced by hypoxia, necessary for optimal glucose utilization, which represents a targetable mechanism of metabolic adaptation

    Patterns of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) colonization in mountain grasslands: the importance of management practices

    Get PDF
    International audienceWoody colonization of grasslands is often associated with changes in abiotic or biotic conditions or a combination of both. Widely used as fodder and litter in the past traditional agro-pastoral system, ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) has now become a colonizing species of mountain grasslands in the French Pyrenees. Its present distribution is dependent on past human activities and it is locally controlled by propagule pressure and abiotic conditions. However, even when all favourable conditions are met, all the potentially colonizable grasslands are not invaded. We hypothesize that management practices should play a crucial role in the control of ash colonization. From empirical field surveys we have compared the botanical composition of a set of grasslands (present and former) differing in management practices and level of ash colonization. We have displayed a kind of successional gradient positively linked to both ash cover and height but not to the age of trees. We have tested the relationships between ash presence in grassland and management types i.e. cutting and/or grazing, management intensity and some grassland communities' features i.e. total and local specific richness and species heterogeneity. Mixed use (cutting and grazing) is negatively linked to ash presence in grassland whereas grazing alone positively. Mixed use and high grazing intensity are directly preventing ash seedlings establishment, when low grazing intensity is allowing ash seedlings establishment indirectly through herbaceous vegetation neglected by livestock. Our results show the existence of a limit between grasslands with and without established ashes corresponding to a threshold in the intensity of use. Under this threshold, when ash is established, the colonization process seems to become irreversible. Ash possesses the ability of compensatory growth and therefore under a high grazing intensity develops a subterranean vegetative reproduction. However the question remains at which stage of seedling development and grazing intensity these strategies could occur

    INFRARED PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROMETER AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR HETEROGENEOUS OR LIQUID SAMPLES

    No full text
    Le spectromÚtre photoacoustique présenté permet l'obtention de spectres dans l'infrarouge de matériaux pulvérulents ou liquides.Une manipulation des données enregistrées conduit à une meilleure sensibilité aux variations du coefficient d'absorption. L'analyse du spectre reste cependant qualitative.By using the photoacoustic spectrometer described, infrared spectra of powdery or liquid samples are obtained. A calculation from the recorded dat a leads to a better sensitivity to the variations of the absorption coefficient. However, the spectrum analysis remains qualitative

    Rapport scientifique final du volet 1 du projet MAEVEAU : Évaluation organisationnelle des Mesures agro-environnementales territorialisĂ©es Ă  enjeu qualitĂ© des eaux pour contribuer Ă  une dĂ©marche d’évaluation intĂ©grĂ©e

    No full text
    The following report corresponds to the scientific part WP 2 of the MAEVEAU project. This WP is contributing to the assessment of Territorialized Agri-Environnmental Measures (TAEMs) aiming to improve the water quality as it is deteriorated by non point source pollutions due to the use of phyto-sanitaries. The contracts related to these TAEM were signed during the period 2007 to 2012.The research conducted here is about two complementary issues. The first one (see first Chapter) proposes a theoretical and empirical analysis of these TAEM considering that they imply a farmer’s compliance to achieve a set of predetermined results. However, it is presumed that those results are to some extent flexible in the sense that the parties can both renegotiate and update the commitments in case of exceptional circumstances as for example in case of weather hazards. The research team has applied a choice experiment method analysis. For that, a questionnaire about the contractual conditions has been proposed to a sample of farmers in the Aquitaine and Poitou-Charentes Regions. This questionnaire has been conceived thanks to previous individual enquiries with groups of beneficiaries and after discussions with national and regional experts. The preliminary results highlight the main factors that determine the adoption of the TAEMs and particularly they confirm the importance of transaction costs in the propensity of beneficiaries to renew their commitment after the 2007-2012 period. Thanks to the data basis obtained in this WP, an econometric analysis (discrete choice models) will be developed permitting to estimate the farmers’ willingness to receive AEM subsidies. The second issue (see second Chapter) is about the organisational factors that may influence the acceptability level of the TAEMs. The research is focused on agricultural areas inside two river watersheds in the Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es Region. The research team has mobilized here an Institutional Economics analysis. The hypothesis advanced is that the collective action that has been developed actively inside organized groups of farmers, especially under the initiative of cooperatives, stimulates fruitful interactions between the farmers engaged in the TAEMs and also through the participation of some key actors such as the consulting technical staff engaged by the cooperatives. The results show essentially that the existing organisation promotes apprenticeships concerning new agricultural practices (mechanical ones) towards which farmers have to shift from the existing ones using chemical products. The key phenomenon that the research displays is that this collective action reduces a great deal of risks and uncertainties linked with the adoption of the new proposed practices. Moreover, the experiences considered here give us a good evidence about two specific factors that improve the acceptability of the TAEMs: a) the commitment, inside the proposed TAEM scheme, of major economic actors, such as cooperatives, which in fact share the innovation risks with the farmers and b) the decisive reduction in the apprenticeship costs (which are another form of transaction costs) for the mechanical practices. These techniques are thus more easily validated as alternatives to the prevalent chemical ones, from the agronomical as well as the economical efficiency point of view in the spirit of farmers.Le prĂ©sent rapport correspond au volet ET 2 du projet MAEVEAU. Il a pour objectif de contribuer Ă  Ă©valuer des Mesures Agro-environnementales TerritorialisĂ©es (MAET) Ă  enjeu qualitĂ© de l’eau au regard des pollutions diffuses par les pesticides souscrites sur la pĂ©riode de contractualisation 2007-2012.La dĂ©marche proposĂ©e est structurĂ©e en deux chapitres complĂ©mentaires. Le premier chapitre a portĂ© sur l’analyse thĂ©orique et empirique de contrats agro-environnementaux maintenant le principe d’un engagement sur les rĂ©sultats, mais plus « flexibles », Ă  la fois en termes de possibilitĂ© de renĂ©gociation et d’adaptation des engagements en cas de circonstance exceptionnelle, comme par exemple des alĂ©as climatiques. On a mobilisĂ© pour cela la mĂ©thode des expĂ©riences de choix (Choice experiment). Un questionnaire portant sur les clauses contractuelles a Ă©tĂ© conçu Ă  partir d’entretiens individuels et de groupes de discussion avec des agriculteurs bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires, et aprĂšs consultation d’experts nationaux et rĂ©gionaux. Il a Ă©tĂ© administrĂ© par voie postale Ă  l’automne 2013 Ă  un Ă©chantillon d’agriculteurs des rĂ©gions Aquitaine et Poitou-Charentes. Les premiers rĂ©sultats mettent en Ă©vidence les principaux dĂ©terminants de la contractualisation des mesures et confirment l’importance des coĂ»ts de transaction dans la propension des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de MAE Ă  renouveler leur engagement Ă  l’issu de la pĂ©riode 2007-2013. La base de donnĂ©es constituĂ©e fera ultĂ©rieurement l’objet d’un traitement Ă©conomĂ©trique Ă  partir de modĂšles Ă  choix discrets (effets fixes, effets alĂ©atoires) permettant d’estimer les consentements Ă  recevoir des agriculteurs bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires.Le second chapitre s’intĂ©resse Ă  l’influence des facteurs organisationnels sur le niveau d’acceptabilitĂ© des MAET. Dans une perspective d’économie institutionnelle, les analyses proposĂ©es visent Ă  comprendre dans quelle mesure l’action collective au sein d’organisations collectives stimule les interactions entre acteurs (des conseillers agricoles et des agriculteurs contractants), soutient les apprentissages et participe Ă  la rĂ©duction des incertitudes et des risques liĂ©s Ă  un changement de pratiques agricoles. Les expĂ©riences examinĂ©es montrent notamment que l’action collective, initiĂ©e ici par des acteurs Ă©conomiques (deux coopĂ©ratives agricoles), permet de rĂ©duire notablement les coĂ»ts d’apprentissage (une autre forme de coĂ»ts de transaction) et d’asseoir plus aisĂ©ment, aux yeux des agriculteurs, la validitĂ© des techniques alternatives aux traitements chimiques prĂ©conisĂ©es dans le cadre des MAET Ă©tudiĂ©es
    • 

    corecore