Ochre use and hair treatment among the Hamar (Ethiopia): an ethnoarchaeological approach

El uso de colorantes está actualmente en el centro del debate sobre el origen de la complejidad cultural.Diversos yacimientos paleolíticos han demostrado un uso sistemático de este material, que serelaciona con funciones prácticas o simbólicas. El estudio de los colorantes en sociedades tradicionalesactuales es una etapa necesaria para aportar respuestas al debate. Nuestro objetivo es realizarun análisis preliminar de la cadena operativa de los colorantes para el tratamiento del cabello en lasociedad Hamar, Etiopía, y avanzar en el conocimiento sobre el papel de este tipo de materia primaen este grupo humano.Ochre use is currently at the centre of the debate on the origin of cultural complexity. NumerousPalaeolithic sites yielded proof of a systematic use of this material, which has been interpreted as functionalor symbolic. The analysis of ochre use among traditional societies is essential in this context.Our aim is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the ochre chaîne opératoire for hair treatment amongthe Hamar women, and more specifically to understand the role of this material in the Hamar culture

Middle Stone Age Ochre Processing and Behavioural Complexity in the Horn of Africa : Evidence from Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Ochre is a common feature at Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites and has often been interpreted as a proxy for the origin of modern behaviour. However, few ochre processing tools, ochre containers, and ochre-stained artefacts from MSA contexts have been studied in detail within a theoretical framework aimed at inferring the technical steps involved in the acquisition, production and use of these artefacts. Here we analyse 21 ochre processing tools, i.e. upper and lower grindstones, and two ochre-stained artefacts from the MSA layers of Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, dated to ca. 40 cal kyr BP. These tools, and a large proportion of the 4213 ochre fragments found at the site, were concentrated in an area devoted to ochre processing. Lower grindstones are made of a variety of raw materials, some of which are not locally available. Traces of use indicate that different techniques were employed to process ochre. Optical microscopy, XRD, μ-Raman spectroscopy, and SEM-EDS analyses of residues preserved on worn areas of artefacts show that different types of ferruginous rocks were processed in order to produce ochre powder of different coarseness and shades. A round stone bearing no traces of having been used to process ochre is half covered with residues as if it had been dipped in a liquid ochered medium to paint the object or to use it as a stamp to apply pigment to a soft material. We argue that the ochre reduction sequences identified at Porc-Epic Cave reflect a high degree of behavioural complexity, and represent ochre use, which was probably devoted to a variety of functions

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Caracterización físico-química y análisis tecnológico de los pigmentos del Middle Stone Age de la Cueva de Porc-Epic (Dire Dawa, Etiopía) = Caractérisation physico-chimique et analyse technologique des pigments Middle Stone Age de la Grotte du Porc-Épic (Dire Dawa, Éthiopie)

[spa] El uso sistemático de colorantes, interpretado como la prueba de una cognición compleja y en algunos casos de una conducta simbólica, es uno de los rasgos culturales más controvertidos en prehistoria. Los estudios detallados de las diferentes fases de tratamiento de este material son escasos, especialmente en África Oriental, a pesar de la importancia de esta zona en el estudio del origen de los Humanos anatómicamente modernos. La finalidad de la presente tesis es reconstruir la cadena operativa del tratamiento de los colorantes de la cueva de Porc-Epic (Dire Dawa, Etiopía), yacimiento clave del Middle Stone Age (MSA) del Cuerno de África, para averiguar su función y significado en las poblaciones MSA. Nuestros resultados demuestran que esta colección de colorantes es la más amplia jamás hallada en un yacimiento MSA, con sus 40 kg de colorantes (n = 4213 piezas), 21 útiles para su tratamiento y dos cantos con residuos rojos encontrados en niveles de ca. 40 ka cal BP. El análisis de la distribución espacial de los colorantes ha permitido determinar que la secuencia no ha sido perturbada significativamente. Se han identificado zonas de acumulación de colorantes, interpretadas como áreas especializadas para el procesado de este material. El análisis tecnológico de los fragmentos de colorantes y de los útiles para su procesado nos ha permitido identificar diferentes tipos de marcas de uso. A través de análisis por espectroscopia µ-Raman, MEB-EDS y DRX hemos comprobado que los molinos y machacadores fueron empleados para procesar diferentes tipos de colorantes. La variedad de materias primas y técnicas de procesado parecen indicar que los habitantes de la cueva producían polvos de colorantes de diferentes colores y texturas, adaptados a diferentes funciones. Se ha observado una continuidad a lo largo de la secuencia en el tratamiento de este material, que hemos interpretado como la expresión de una adaptación cultural transmitida a lo largo del tiempo. Los análisis rugosimétricos nos han permitido determinar que los colorantes se procesaban para producir cantidades reducidas de polvo. Esto, y la presencia de un canto posiblemente usado como tampón parecen sugerir un uso para actividades simbólicas. A través de un análisis etnoarqueológico del uso de colorantes en la sociedad Hamar (Etiopía) hemos valorado la complejidad de la cadena operativa de este material y destacado su función a la vez simbólica y funcional en las sociedades tradicionales.[fra] L’utilisation de l’ocre, interprétée comme la preuve d’une cognition complexe et dans certains cas d’un comportement symbolique, est l’un des traits culturels les plus controversés en contexte paléolithique. Les analyses systématiques de ses différentes phases de traitement sont rares, particulièrement en Afrique de l’Est, malgré l’importance de cette région pour l’étude de l’origine de l’homme moderne. Le but de cette thèse est de reconstruire la chaîne opératoire du traitement de l’ocre à la grotte du Porc-Epic (Dire Dawa, Ethiopie), site clef de la Corne de l’Afrique, afin de déterminer sa fonction et son rôle au sein de populations MSA. Nos résultats montrent que cette collection d’ocre est la plus abondante connue jusqu’à présent dans un site paléolithique, avec 40 kg d’ocre (n = 4213 pièces), 21 outils de traitement et deux galets ocrés trouvés dans des niveaux de ca. 40 ka cal BP. L’analyse de la distribution spatiale a permis de déterminer que la séquence n’a pas été perturbée significativement. Nous avons identifié des zones d’accumulation d’ocre interprétées comme des aires consacrées au traitement de ce matériel. L’analyse technologique a permis d’identifier une grande variété de traces d’utilisation. A travers une analyse par µ-Raman, MEB-EDS et DRX nous avons démontré que les meules et broyeurs ont été utilisés pour traiter différentes types d’ocre. La variété de matières premières et des techniques de traitement indiquent une production de poudres de différentes couleurs et textures, adaptées à des fonctions diverses. Une continuité dans le traitement de l’ocre a été mise en évidence le long de la séquence et interprétée comme le reflet d’une adaptation culturelle transmise au cours du temps. Des analyses rugosimétriques ont montré que l’ocre était traitée pour produire des quantités réduites de poudre. Cela, ainsi que la présence d’un galet possiblement utilisé comme tampon, semblent indiquer une utilisation de l’ocre pour des activités symboliques. Une analyse ethnoarchéologique de l’ocre chez les Hamar (Ethiopie) nous a permis d’évaluer la complexité du traitement de ce matériel et de souligner sa fonction à la fois utilitaire et symbolique

Caracterización físico-química y análisis tecnológico de los pigmentos del Middle Stone Age de la cueva de Porc-Epic (Dire Dawa, Etiopía)

L’utilisation de l’ocre, interprétée comme la preuve d’une cognition complexe et dans certains cas d’un comportement symbolique, est l’un des traits culturels les plus controversés en contexte paléolithique. Les analyses systématiques de ses différentes phases de traitement sont rares, particulièrement en Afrique de l’Est, malgré l’importance de cette région pour l’étude de l’origine de l’homme moderne. Le but de cette thèse est de reconstruire la chaîne opératoire du traitement de l’ocre à la grotte du Porc-Épic (Dire Dawa, Éthiopie), site clef de la Corne de l’Afrique, afin de déterminer sa fonction et son rôle au sein de populations MSA. Nos résultats montrent que cette collection d’ocre est la plus abondante connue jusqu’à présent dans un site paléolithique, avec 40 kg d’ocre (n = 4213 pièces), 21 outils de traitement et deux galets ocrés trouvés dans des niveaux de ca. 40 ka cal BP. L’analyse de la distribution spatiale a permis de déterminer que la séquence n’a pas été perturbée significativement. Nous avons identifié des zones d’accumulation d’ocre interprétées comme des aires consacrées au traitement de ce matériel. L’analyse technologique a permis d’identifier une grande variété de traces d’utilisation. A travers une analyse par μ-Raman, MEB-EDS et DRX nous avons démontré que les meules et broyeurs ont été utilisés pour traiter différentes types d’ocre. La variété de matières premières et des techniques de traitement indiquent une production de poudres de différentes couleurs et textures, adaptées à des fonctions diverses. Une continuité dans le traitement de l’ocre a été mise en évidence le long de la séquence et interprétée comme le reflet d’une adaptation culturelle transmise au cours du temps. Des analyses rugosimétriques ont montré que l’ocre était traitée pour produire des quantités réduites de poudre. Cela, ainsi que la présence d’un galet possiblement utilisé comme tampon, semblent indiquer une utilisation de l’ocre pour des activités symboliques. Une analyse ethnoarchéologique de l’ocre chez les Hamar (Éthiopie) nous a permis d’évaluer la complexité du traitement de ce matériel et de souligner sa fonction à la fois utilitaire et symbolique.Ochre is one of the most controversial features found at Palaeolithic sites. It is often interpreted as proof of behavioural complexity and, in some cases, as a marker of symbolically mediated behaviour. Detailed reconstructions of ochre processing techniques are rare, particularly in East Africa, despite the fact that it is one of the most significant areas for the study of the emergence of Homo sapiens. The aim of this thesis is to conduct a detailed reconstruction of the ochre chaîne opératoire at Porc-Epic Cave (Dire Dawa, Ethiopia), key site for the East African Middle Stone Age (MSA). Our approach permits the function of ochre and its significance for late MSA groups to be explored. Our results show that this site has yielded the largest known MSA ochre collection, comprising 40 kg of ochre (n = 4213 pieces), 21 ochre processing tools and two ochre stained artefacts from levels dated to ca. 40 ka cal BP. The analysis of the spatial distribution suggests that no major post-depositional reworking occurred at the site and allowed us to identify ochre accumulations, interpreted as areas devoted to ochre processing. Different types of modification marks were identified. SEM-EDS, μ-Raman and XRD analyses conducted on ochre residues from the processing tools suggest that these tools were used to process different types of ochre.The variety of raw materials and processing techniques indicates that ochre powder of different coarseness and shades was used for a variety of functions. Our results identify patterns of continuity in ochre acquisition, treatment and use, interpreted as the expression of a cohesive cultural adaptation, consistently transmitted through time. Rugosimetric analyses show that ochre was probably processed to produce small amounts of ochre powder. Additionally, a pebble possibly used as a stamp was identified. This seems to suggest a use of ochre for symbolic activities. An ethnoarchaeological analysis of ochre use among the Hamar, Ethiopia, allowed us to evaluate the complexity of the ochre chaîne opératoire and to highlight its use in both functional and symbolic activities

Physicochemical and technological analysis of Middle Stone Age pigments from Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

L’utilisation de l’ocre, interprétée comme la preuve d’une cognition complexe et dans certains cas d’un comportement symbolique, est l’un des traits culturels les plus controversés en contexte paléolithique. Les analyses systématiques de ses différentes phases de traitement sont rares, particulièrement en Afrique de l’Est, malgré l’importance de cette région pour l’étude de l’origine de l’homme moderne. Le but de cette thèse est de reconstruire la chaîne opératoire du traitement de l’ocre à la grotte du Porc-Épic (Dire Dawa, Éthiopie), site clef de la Corne de l’Afrique, afin de déterminer sa fonction et son rôle au sein de populations MSA. Nos résultats montrent que cette collection d’ocre est la plus abondante connue jusqu’à présent dans un site paléolithique, avec 40 kg d’ocre (n = 4213 pièces), 21 outils de traitement et deux galets ocrés trouvés dans des niveaux de ca. 40 ka cal BP. L’analyse de la distribution spatiale a permis de déterminer que la séquence n’a pas été perturbée significativement. Nous avons identifié des zones d’accumulation d’ocre interprétées comme des aires consacrées au traitement de ce matériel. L’analyse technologique a permis d’identifier une grande variété de traces d’utilisation. A travers une analyse par μ-Raman, MEB-EDS et DRX nous avons démontré que les meules et broyeurs ont été utilisés pour traiter différentes types d’ocre. La variété de matières premières et des techniques de traitement indiquent une production de poudres de différentes couleurs et textures, adaptées à des fonctions diverses. Une continuité dans le traitement de l’ocre a été mise en évidence le long de la séquence et interprétée comme le reflet d’une adaptation culturelle transmise au cours du temps. Des analyses rugosimétriques ont montré que l’ocre était traitée pour produire des quantités réduites de poudre. Cela, ainsi que la présence d’un galet possiblement utilisé comme tampon, semblent indiquer une utilisation de l’ocre pour des activités symboliques. Une analyse ethnoarchéologique de l’ocre chez les Hamar (Éthiopie) nous a permis d’évaluer la complexité du traitement de ce matériel et de souligner sa fonction à la fois utilitaire et symbolique.Ochre is one of the most controversial features found at Palaeolithic sites. It is often interpreted as proof of behavioural complexity and, in some cases, as a marker of symbolically mediated behaviour. Detailed reconstructions of ochre processing techniques are rare, particularly in East Africa, despite the fact that it is one of the most significant areas for the study of the emergence of Homo sapiens. The aim of this thesis is to conduct a detailed reconstruction of the ochre chaîne opératoire at Porc-Epic Cave (Dire Dawa, Ethiopia), key site for the East African Middle Stone Age (MSA). Our approach permits the function of ochre and its significance for late MSA groups to be explored. Our results show that this site has yielded the largest known MSA ochre collection, comprising 40 kg of ochre (n = 4213 pieces), 21 ochre processing tools and two ochre stained artefacts from levels dated to ca. 40 ka cal BP. The analysis of the spatial distribution suggests that no major post-depositional reworking occurred at the site and allowed us to identify ochre accumulations, interpreted as areas devoted to ochre processing. Different types of modification marks were identified. SEM-EDS, μ-Raman and XRD analyses conducted on ochre residues from the processing tools suggest that these tools were used to process different types of ochre.The variety of raw materials and processing techniques indicates that ochre powder of different coarseness and shades was used for a variety of functions. Our results identify patterns of continuity in ochre acquisition, treatment and use, interpreted as the expression of a cohesive cultural adaptation, consistently transmitted through time. Rugosimetric analyses show that ochre was probably processed to produce small amounts of ochre powder. Additionally, a pebble possibly used as a stamp was identified. This seems to suggest a use of ochre for symbolic activities. An ethnoarchaeological analysis of ochre use among the Hamar, Ethiopia, allowed us to evaluate the complexity of the ochre chaîne opératoire and to highlight its use in both functional and symbolic activities

Stratigraphic and spatial distribution of ochre and ochre processing tools at Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Reassessment of the archaeological assemblages recovered by Kenneth D. Williamson in 1975 and 1976 at Porc-Epic Cave, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, demonstrates that the Middle Stone Age (MSA) levels of this site yielded one of the richest known collections of ochre and ochre processing tools from this period in terms of quantity. We analyze the vertical and horizontal distribution of all ochre fragments (n ¼ 4213) and ochre processing tools (n ¼ 23) of known provenance, and compare them with the distribution of other categories of archaeological remains. Our results suggest that no major post-depositional reworking occurred at the site. Virtually no ochre fragments and processing tools are recorded in the superficial levels of the site (0e60 cm below datum). Concomitant and statistically significant changes in the location of ochre and ochre processing tool concentrations are observed at various depth intervals in deeper levels, interpreted as changes in the location of the area devoted to ochre processing. Comparison of the vertical distributions of ochre fragments and lithics highlights that, in most cases, ochre and lithics covary. The vertical distribution of gastropod opercula (interpreted by other authors as ornaments) and of ochre fragments throughout the sequence also follows the same trends. However, concentrations of ochre and ochre processing tools do not coincide with that of the opercula, spatially. 14C determinations obtained at Porc-Epic indicate a relatively short chronology for the accumulation of the main archaeological deposits and date to ca. 40 ka cal BP the levels containing most of the ochre. This is consistent with the fact that no significant typo-technological variations in the lithics are observed throughout the sequence and argues in favour of the site reflecting a phase of the transition from the Middle Stone Age to the Later Stone Age (LSA) in this region of Africa.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

First identification of an evolving Middle Stone Age ochre culture at Porc-Epic Cave, Ethiopia

Abstract The use of mineral pigments, in particular iron-rich rocks, holds significant importance in understanding the emergence and evolution of human cultures. However, sites that have yielded a number of pieces large enough to precisely identify how the use of this material changed through time are rare. In this study, we examine one of the largest known Middle Stone Age (MSA) ochre collections, from Porc-Epic Cave, Ethiopia, consisting of more than 40 kg of ochre (n = 4213 pieces), 21 ochre processing tools and two ochre-stained artefacts. By combining the analysis of the elemental and mineralogical composition of the archaeological material with that of natural ochre collected in the surroundings of the site, and correlating this information with shifts in ochre modification techniques over time, we unveil how MSA inhabitants of Porc-Epic Cave exploited mineral resources. We show that they could predict the properties of different ochre types accessible in their environment, and gradually adapted their technology to cope with changes in raw material availability. Furthermore, the analysis of ochre residues on a painted pebble, likely used to produce red dots on a surface, identifies an ochre type that was specifically employed for symbolic purposes

Patterns of change and continuity in ochre use during the late Middle Stone Age of the Horn of Africa: The Porc-Epic Cave record

<div><p>Ochre is found at numerous Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites and plays a key role in early modern human archaeology. Here we analyse the largest known East African MSA ochre assemblage, comprising 40 kg of ochre, found at Porc-Epic Cave, Ethiopia, spanning a period of at least 4,500 years. Visual characterisation of ochre types, microscopic identification of traces of modification, morphological and morphometric analysis of ochre pieces and modified areas, experimental reproduction of grinding processes, surface texture analysis of archaeological and experimentally ground ochre facets, laser granulometry of ochre powder produced experimentally on different grindstones and by Hamar and Ovahimba women from Ethiopia and Namibia respectively, were, for the first time, combined to explore diachronic shifts in ochre processing technology. Our results identify patterns of continuity in ochre acquisition, treatment and use reflecting both persistent use of the same geological resources and similar uses of iron-rich rocks by late MSA Porc-Epic inhabitants. Considering the large amount of ochre processed at the site, this continuity can be interpreted as the expression of a cohesive cultural adaptation, largely shared by all community members and consistently transmitted through time. A gradual shift in preferred processing techniques and motions is interpreted as reflecting cultural drift within this practice. Evidence for the grinding of ochre to produce small quantities of powder throughout the sequence is consistent with a use in symbolic activities for at least part of the ochre assemblage from Porc-Epic Cave.</p></div