The contribution of Trichoderma to balancing the costs of plant growth and defense

Trichoderma is a fungal genus of cosmopolitan distribution and high biotechnological value, with several species currently used as biological control agents. Additionally, the enzyme systems of the fungus are widely applied in industry. Species of Trichoderma protect plants against the attack of soil-borne plant pathogens by competing for nutrients and inhibiting or killing plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, through the production of antibiotics and/or hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to the role of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents, they have other benefi cial effects on plants, including the stimulation of plant defenses and the promotion of plant growth. In this review, we focus on the complex plant defense signaling network that allows the recognition of fungi as non-hostile microbes, including microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and secreted elicitors. We also examine how fungal interactions with plant receptors can activate induced resistance by priming and balancing plant defense and growth responses. Our observations are integrated into a model describing Trichoderma-plant hormone signaling network interactions. [Int Microbiol 2013; 16(2):69-80]Keywords: Trichoderma spp.; plant–Trichoderma symbiosis; Arabidopsis thaliana; phytohormone networking&nbsp

Acompañamiento docente a través del trabajo colaborativo para fortalecer la atención de los alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales

Documento que presenta la intervención realizada en un Centro de Atención Múltiple (CAM) de Jalisco, que tuvo como objetivo mejorar los procesos de acompañamiento del directivo a los docentes para impactar en el funcionamiento y seguimiento de las prácticas educativas dentro del aula. La intervención se llevó a cabo a través de tres líneas de acción: la gestión del tiempo para lograr el fortalecimiento del trabajo colaborativo, la mejora de las prácticas pedagógicas, y el seguimiento en el acompañamiento docente

LiDAR Datasets Applied to Roman Gold Mining Studies in NW Iberia. Response to Paper: Roman Gold Mining at “Las Miédolas” (NW Spain): Lidar and Photo Interpretation in the Analysis of “Peines”

.Early LiDAR datasets in Spain are available since 2014 (5-m resolution), when the first works were carried out by our team (Fernández-Lozano and Gutiérrez-Alonso Mapping 167:22–29, 2014; Fernández-Lozano et al. J Archaeol Sci 2014:356–373, 2015). The implementation of LiDAR to 1-m resolution was subsequently used and compared by Fernández-Lozano and Gutiérrez-Alonso (J Archaeol Sci 5:509–520, 2016) in combination with UAV-derived (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) photogrammetry. These works showed different Roman gold mining scenarios that were modeled providing outstanding results even with the poorest resolution LiDAR datasets. Moreover, the implementation of visual enhancement tools, widely used in different fields of archeology, geomorphology, and geology, such as Sky-View, Multi-hillside, Slope, LRM, Openness, and Principal Components have improved notably the interpretation of results in both mining and archeological works. This paper discusses the potential and insights provided by our methodological approach and shows that the results of its application to the study area of Las Miédolas can provide better results than those obtained by Matías and Llamas (Geoheritage 13(2):1–22, 2021).SIPublicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCL

Soluble proteins and free amino nitrogen content in must and wine of cv. Viura in La Rioja

The protein fraction of white musts and wines obtained from grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Viura) grown in northern Spain (Rioja) was investigated by SDS-PAGE. Under different fermentation conditions, e.g. aeration, must nitrogen content and yeast strain, SDS-PAGE patterns showed several bands with molecular weights ranging from 16 to 200 kDa. Higher weight proteins were glycosylated, whereas lower weight proteins were not. Under the experimental fermentation conditions none of the proteins showed any chemical modification that would alter the electrophoretical mobility or the covalent binding to their glycosylated moiety

Genetic Variability of Mountain Pine (Pinus hartwegii Lindl) in the Protection of Flora and Fauna Area Nevado de Toluca

Mountain pine (Pinus hartwegii Lindl) is one of the most abundant conifers in the Protection of Flora and Fauna Area Nevado de Toluca in central Mexico; this natural protected area is threatened by urbanization; this has been manifested in forest health; there has been an increase in forest parasites like bark beetles and dwarf mistletoes, making necessary improve forest management and conservation, hence our objective was to study the genetic diversity of mountain pine under the attack of parasites and to generate information that could be used to improve strategies of conservation of these forests. We classified sampled trees into four categories according to the type of parasite present in a tree (bark beetle: BB; dwarf mistletoe: DM; bark beetle and dwarf mistletoe: BM and non-attacked trees or healthy trees: HT). Genetic diversity was low in comparison with other pine species, but we observed an interesting issue: trees attacked by bark beetle and dwarf mistletoe had higher levels of heterozygosis: Henc = 0.1924 and Henc = 0.1993, respectively. These results suggest that trees with bark beetle and dwarf mistletoes may have higher genetic variability and are a highly valuable genetic resource for mountain pine

Bach eXperience: una aproximación creativa a la simetría cuatro π a través de Bach y la alfabetidad visual

Este artículo presenta una experiencia educativa de docencia universitaria a través de la cultura visual, la música, la ciencia, la tecnología y las matemáticas en el plan de formación de sesenta futuros diseñadores digitales. El objetivo de este estudio de caso es mostrar el aprendizaje de contenidos curriculares —como el concepto matemático de simetría cuatro π— a través de la alfabetidad visual, las manifestaciones artísticas y, en concreto, musicales como el Canon nº 5 de Johann Sebastian Bach de las Variaciones de Goldberg - BWV 1087. Para ello, se han utilizado marcos conceptuales basados en la pedagogía crítica, la transversalidad, la teoría del andamiaje, la gamificación y el conflicto cognitivo. La investigación fue analizada a partir de la triangulación entre los cuestionarios del alumnado, sus producciones artísticas y sus diarios de investigación, y fueron analizados a través del software ATLAS.ti (versión 7). Los resultados señalan el uso de la alfabetidad visual como generador de situaciones de aprendizaje creativas y disruptivas, posibilitando una mejora formativa en los estudiantes. Se concluye que este enfoque metodológico puede crear puentes entre disciplinas, capacitando a los estudiantes a abordar un pensamiento divergente e inclusivo en sus prácticas profesionales y en sus cotidianidades

Assessment of two school-based programs to prevent universal eating disorders : Media literacy and theatre-based methodology in Spanish adolescent boys and girls

Aims. To evaluate the long-term effects of two school-based prevention programs administered to a universal mixed-sex sample of school-going adolescents on disturbed eating attitudes, aesthetic ideal internalization, and other eating disorder risk factors, when compared to a control group. Methods. Participants were 200 adolescents aged 12-15 selected by means of incidental sampling from second-year compulsory secondary education at schools. An interactive multimedia media literacy program (ML + NUT, Media Literacy and Nutrition) and a program focused on the same topics using dramatic arts (Theatre Alive) were applied and compared with a control group. Pretest, posttest (1 month later), and 5- and 13-month follow-up measurements were taken. Analyses were conducted with two-way mixed 3x3 ANCOVA (group × phase) adjusted by baseline levels, body mass index, and sex. Results. Participants in both experimental groups showed significantly higher self-esteem scores than the control group over time. The ML + NUT group also presented lower aesthetic ideal internalization scores than the control group. Discussion. Both programs can benefit students' self-esteem. Moreover, ML + NUT program was useful in reducing thin-ideal internalization. However, differences in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes were not found. The programs may be protective on the core psychological variables, which are essential to adaptive adolescent developmen

A self-driven approach for multi-class discrimination in Alzheimer’s disease based on wearable EEG

Early detection is critical to control Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression and postpone cognitive decline. Traditional medical procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging are costly, involve long waiting lists, and require complex analysis. Alternatively, for the past years, researchers have successfully evaluated AD detection approaches based on machine learning and electroencephalography (EEG). Nonetheless, these approaches frequently rely upon manual processing or involve non-portable EEG hardware. These aspects are suboptimal regarding automated diagnosis, since they require additional personnel and hinder porta- bility. In this work, we report the preliminary evaluation of a self-driven AD multi-class discrimination approach based on a commercial EEG acquisition system using sixteen channels. For this purpose, we recorded the EEG of three groups of participants: mild AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) non-AD, and controls, and we implemented a self-driven analysis pipeline to discriminate the three groups. First, we applied automated artifact rejection algorithms to the EEG recordings. Then, we extracted power, entropy, and complexity features from the preprocessed epochs. Finally, we evaluated a multi-class classification problem using a multi-layer perceptron through leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. The preliminary results that we obtained are comparable to the best in literature (0.88 F1-score), what suggests that AD can potentially be detected through a self-driven approach based on commercial EEG and machine learn- ing. We believe this work and further research could contribute to opening the door for the detection of AD in a single consultation session, therefore reducing the costs associated to AD screening and poten- tially advancing medical treatment.Spanish Government PGC2018-098813-B-C31European Commission Operative Program FEDER 2014-2020 BTIC-352-UGR20Economy, Universities and Science Office of the Andalusian Regional GovernmentUniversidad de Granada/CBU