Aprendizagem de máquina aplicada à predição do tempo de fabricação de novos produtos : um estudo exploratório com foco no tipo de material utilizado em empresa de produção mecatrônica da área médica e espacial

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2020.A indústria 4.0 é um projeto estratégico que combina inúmeras tecnologias com o intuito de transformar as cadeias de valor da indústria, da produção e dos modelos de negócio. Realizar estimativas e prever eventos futuros incorrem em desafios confrontados pela quarta revolução industrial. Predizer o lead-time total de fabricação de um produto ou componente na indústria torna-se uma atividade crítica e vital para um ambiente de grande competitividade enfrentado por um mercado altamente globalizado e direcionado para a inovação. O trabalho proposto apresenta um estudo com foco em predizer o lead-time total de fabricação de peças e componentes de novos produtos de uma empresa com produção mecatrônica na área de equipamentos médicos e espaciais. A análise preditiva e o aprendizado de máquina através dos algoritmos de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), Support Vector Machine (SVM) e Random Forest (RF) delinearam a metodologia aplicada no estudo. Os modelos de predição foram aplicados em um conjunto de dados de ordens de serviço da empresa, e os resultados mostraram a eficiência do método na estimativa do lead-time total de fabricação. Os melhores resultados apresentaram uma taxa de acerto acima de 87% e com um erro médio absoluto menor que um (1) dia para a fabricação com o material alumínio 6061.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Industry 4.0 is a strategic project that combines numerous technologies in order to transform the value chains of industry, production and business models. Making estimates and predicting future events face challenges faced by the fourth industrial revolution. Predicting the total lead time for manufacturing a product or component in the industry becomes a critical and vital activity for a highly competitive environment faced by a highly globalized and innovation-driven market. The proposed work presents a study aimed at predicting the total lead time of manufacturing parts and components for new products of a company with mechatronic production in the area of medical and space equipment. Predictive analysis and machine learning through Artificial Neural Network (RNA), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms outlined the methodology applied in the study. The prediction models were applied to a dataset of the company's work orders, and the results showed the efficiency of the method in estimating the total lead time of manufacture. The best results showed a hit rate above 87% and with an average absolute error less than one (1) day for manufacturing with 6061 aluminum material

Sistematização do projeto de um carro elétrico para coleta seletiva com base em modelos de referência para desenvolvimento de produtos

O desenvolvimento de um produto envolve diversas etapas que devem ser cumpridas, objetivando a produção de um item que represente os reais requisitos exigidos e seja passível de produção de forma a agregar valor ao mercado. Nesse sentido, muito se tem propalado sobre Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos como meio dinâmico e prático de sistematizar informações para construir um esquema básico de produto, garantindo os principais vínculos entre objetivos, planejamento, implementação e verificação. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar a sistematização do processo de desenvolvimento de um veículo elétrico projetado por uma equipe de estudantes universitários para apoiar centros de catadores de material reciclável. Aspectos dos processos de definição dos requisitos, geração de alternativas e análise de valor, assim como do projeto conceitual do produto são apresentado

O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos de um projeto realizado por equipes virtuais para construir um ventilador pulmonar de baixo custo no contexto do COVID-19 / The product development process of a virtual team project to build a low-cost lung ventilator in the context of COVID-19

Os projetos colaborativos entre governo, universidade e empresa privada desempenham um importante papel no gerenciamento de crises, além de serem fundamentais para a implementação de estratégias de inovação. A partir das necessidades geradas pela crise de saúde pública advindas com a Covid-19, este trabalho apresenta uma análise do diagnóstico do processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP) de um ventilador pulmonar de baixo custo, desenvolvido em parceria entre pesquisadores da Universidade de Brasília (UNB), da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), do Instituto Federal de Brasília (IFB), e da Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde (ESCS). O projeto foi financiado pela Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal, é gerenciado financeiramente pela Fundação de apoio da UNB, e tem parceria com uma empresa privada, com o foco em transferir tecnologia e na produção em escala do equipamento. O diagnóstico do PDP foi realizado a partir da associação de dois modelos amplamente difundidos na literatura, apresentando características peculiares de um projeto materializado em ambiente universitário, com prazos curtos, e atividades desenvolvidas, em grande parte, remotamente. Os resultados apresentados comprovaram uma estrutura similar a projetos do tipo mecatrônico, e com uma alta interação entre os atores do projeto na realização das atividades

Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: a secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic presented major challenges for critical care facilities worldwide. Infections which develop alongside or subsequent to viral pneumonitis are a challenge under sporadic and pandemic conditions; however, data have suggested that patterns of these differ between COVID-19 and other viral pneumonitides. This secondary analysis aimed to explore patterns of co-infection and intensive care unit-acquired infections (ICU-AI) and the relationship to use of corticosteroids in a large, international cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients.Methods: This is a multicenter, international, observational study, including adult patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis admitted to ICUs at the peak of wave one of COVID-19 (February 15th to May 15th, 2020). Data collected included investigator-assessed co-infection at ICU admission, infection acquired in ICU, infection with multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) and antibiotic use. Frequencies were compared by Pearson's Chi-squared and continuous variables by Mann-Whitney U test. Propensity score matching for variables associated with ICU-acquired infection was undertaken using R library MatchIT using the "full" matching method.Results: Data were available from 4994 patients. Bacterial co-infection at admission was detected in 716 patients (14%), whilst 85% of patients received antibiotics at that stage. ICU-AI developed in 2715 (54%). The most common ICU-AI was bacterial pneumonia (44% of infections), whilst 9% of patients developed fungal pneumonia; 25% of infections involved MDRO. Patients developing infections in ICU had greater antimicrobial exposure than those without such infections. Incident density (ICU-AI per 1000 ICU days) was in considerable excess of reports from pre-pandemic surveillance. Corticosteroid use was heterogenous between ICUs. In univariate analysis, 58% of patients receiving corticosteroids and 43% of those not receiving steroids developed ICU-AI. Adjusting for potential confounders in the propensity-matched cohort, 71% of patients receiving corticosteroids developed ICU-AI vs 52% of those not receiving corticosteroids. Duration of corticosteroid therapy was also associated with development of ICU-AI and infection with an MDRO.Conclusions: In patients with severe COVID-19 in the first wave, co-infection at admission to ICU was relatively rare but antibiotic use was in substantial excess to that indication. ICU-AI were common and were significantly associated with use of corticosteroids

Clinical and organizational factors associated with mortality during the peak of first COVID-19 wave : the global UNITE-COVID study

Purpose To accommodate the unprecedented number of critically ill patients with pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) expansion of the capacity of intensive care unit (ICU) to clinical areas not previously used for critical care was necessary. We describe the global burden of COVID-19 admissions and the clinical and organizational characteristics associated with outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methods Multicenter, international, point prevalence study, including adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. Results 4994 patients from 280 ICUs in 46 countries were included. Included ICUs increased their total capacity from 4931 to 7630 beds, deploying personnel from other areas. Overall, 1986 (39.8%) patients were admitted to surge capacity beds. Invasive ventilation at admission was present in 2325 (46.5%) patients and was required during ICU stay in 85.8% of patients. 60-day mortality was 33.9% (IQR across units: 20%-50%) and ICU mortality 32.7%. Older age, invasive mechanical ventilation, and acute kidney injury (AKI) were associated with increased mortality. These associations were also confirmed specifically in mechanically ventilated patients. Admission to surge capacity beds was not associated with mortality, even after controlling for other factors. Conclusions ICUs responded to the increase in COVID-19 patients by increasing bed availability and staff, admitting up to 40% of patients in surge capacity beds. Although mortality in this population was high, admission to a surge capacity bed was not associated with increased mortality. Older age, invasive mechanical ventilation, and AKI were identified as the strongest predictors of mortality

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society