Candidemia em hospitais de alta complexidade no Brasil: revisão narrativa da literatura.

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Farmácia.Nos últimos anos, as infecções hospitalares fúngicas por espécies do gênero Candida vêm aumentando progressivamente. As manifestações clínicas da candidíase variam desde uma infecção localizada, até a disseminação pela corrente sanguínea com o envolvimento de múltiplos órgãos, no caso de candidemia e candidíase invasiva. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever os casos de candidemia em hospitais de alta complexidade do Brasil, revisar os métodos de identificação taxonômica de Candida spp., juntamente com os métodos utilizados no diagnóstico da candidemia; os procedimentos terapêuticos utilizados no tratamento da candidemia e a susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos das espécies, através de uma revisão dos casos entre os anos 2016 e 2021. Pela análise dos artigos foi possível observar que a principal espécie isolada continua sendo Candida albicans, porém outras espécies, como C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii e C. auris; vêm destacando se no âmbito das infecções hospitalares. Seu diagnóstico tem interesse não só epidemiológico, mas também clínico, fazendo necessário o uso de exames laboratoriais adequados para identificação das espécies e testes de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. Os principais antifúngicos com ação para Candida spp., utilizados foram os poliênicos; anfotericina B, os azólicos e, como primeira escolha terapêutica nos quadros de candidemia, as equinocandinas. Eles podem ser administrados como monoterapia ou em associações de medicamentos, de acordo com a gravidade do quadro clínico e o perfil de susceptibilidade antifúngica. Além disso, foram observados certos graus de resistência aos antifúngicos utilizados durante terapia medicamentosa dos pacientes, entre eles ao fluconazol e eventualmente em casos mais raros as equinocandinas. Com isso, pode-se concluir que são necessários estudos de vigilância multicêntrica e contínua de candidemia nos hospitais de alta complexidade de todo Brasil para detectar as tendências regionais da distribuição das espécies de Candida e o surgimento de resistência antifúngica precocemente.In recent years, as nosocomial fungal infections by species of the genus Candida increase progressively. The clinical manifestations of candidiasis range from a localized infection, to dissemination through the bloodstream with the involvement of multiple organs, in the case of candidemia and invasive candidiasis. The present work aims to describe the cases of candidemia in hospitals of high complexity in Brazil, to review the taxonomic identification methods of Candida spp., together with the methods used in the diagnosis of candidemia; therapeutic procedures used in the treatment of candidemia and susceptibility to antifungals of the species, through a review of the cases between the years 2016 and 2021. By analyzing the articles, it was possible to observe that a main type of Candida albicans remains, but other species, such as C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii and C. auris; standing out in the context of hospital references. Its diagnosis is not only of epidemiological, but also clinical interest, making it necessary to use adequate laboratory tests for species identification and antifungal sensitivity tests. The main antifungal agents with action against Candida spp., Used were polyenes; amphotericin B, azoles and, as the first therapeutic choice in candidemia conditions, such as echinocandins. They can be administered as monotherapy or in drug combinations, depending on the severity of the clinical picture and the antifungal susceptibility profile. In addition, certain degrees of resistance to antifungal agents used during drug therapy of patients were observed, including fluconazole and occasionally in rarer cases such as echinocandins. Thus, it can be seen that they are included in multicentric and continuous surveillance studies of candidemia in high complexity hospitals throughout Brazil to detect regional trends in the distribution of Candida species and the early emergence of antifungal resistance

Estudo sobre a percepção do impacto do sistema cooperativo de agricultura familiar nos municípios de Mafra, Papanduva, e Monte Castelo

A importância da agricultura familiar para o país vem sendo objeto de estudo e discussões tanto na esfera acadêmica como em movimentos sociais e governamentais. No estado de Santa Catarina estima- se que a agricultura familiar representa um universo de 180 mil famílias, ou seja, mais de 90% da população rural, sendo responsável por mais de 70% do valor da produção agrícola e pesqueira do estado. Inúmeros produtores estão buscando o associativismo como uma maneira de fortalecer a agricultura familiar e a pequena propriedade. Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar, através da aplicação de questionários junto aos associados de cooperativas de agricultura familiar do planalto norte catarinense, a percepção do impacto do sistema cooperativo e a relação entre o produtor e a cooperativa. Através da pesquisa de campo, evidenciou- se que a cooperativa possui um papel importante na agricultura familiar, pois para o produtor ela é uma segurança de que sua produção será comercializada e vendida por um preço melhor se comparado à venda individual.  Outro aspecto constatado, é que a cooperativa está atendendo as expectativas dos associados, através da melhoria de sua renda e do trabalho diário

O manejo do javali (Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758) no Brasil: implicações científicas, legais e éticas das técnicas letais de controle de uma espécie exótica invasora

Invasões biológicas são apontadas como uma das principais causas de perda de biodiversidade na atualidade e o javali (Sus scrofa) é considerado uma das espécies exóticas mais problemáticas, responsável pela degradação de habitats aquáticos e terrestres em todo o mundo, causando enormes prejuízos econômicos e ambientais. Devido a esses fatores, o controle do javali foi autorizado pelo governo brasileiro através da Instrução Normativa (IN) do IBAMA Nº 03/2013. Desde então, controladores regulamentados tem utilizado técnicas de caça de espera, caça com cães e armadilhas, as quais tem sido alvo de críticas quanto à eficiência e riscos ao bem estar animal. Tivemos por objetivo compilar informações e discutir as implicações técnicas, científicas, éticas e legais de cada técnica de controle do javali utilizadas no Brasil. Buscamos discutir vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica relacionando-as à realidade brasileira, bem como estudos de caso internacionais que podem ser tomados como exemplos. Conclui-se que o controle e erradicação do javali só pode ser alcançado com a associação de diferentes técnicas. Finalmente, discutimos as implicações conservacionistas do manejo do javali buscando orientar esforços futuros de controle da espécie

Developmental delay in early childhood is associated with visual-constructive skills at school age in a Brazilian cohort

We investigated differences in IQ and visual-constructive skills in school-age children evaluated as developmentally delayed or typically developed in early childhood. Sixty-four participants from a Brazilian cohort were evaluated in IQ (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) and tasks of visual-spatial memory and visual-constructive skills through the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) at school age. Neuropsychomotor development at 4 years of age was measured by Denver II. Developmentally delayed children showed lower IQs, lower scores, and more errors in copy and memory BVRT tasks when compared to typically developed children. Delay in neuropsychomotor development in early childhood may affect the subsequent cognitive development of children

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Developmental delay in early childhood is associated with visual-constructive skills at school age in a Brazilian cohort

Abstract We investigated differences in IQ and visual-constructive skills in school-age children evaluated as developmentally delayed or typically developed in early childhood. Sixty-four participants from a Brazilian cohort were evaluated in IQ (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) and tasks of visual-spatial memory and visual-constructive skills through the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) at school age. Neuropsychomotor development at 4 years of age was measured by Denver II. Developmentally delayed children showed lower IQs, lower scores, and more errors in copy and memory BVRT tasks when compared to typically developed children. Delay in neuropsychomotor development in early childhood may affect the subsequent cognitive development of children

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others