Analysis of XBRL literature : a decade of progress and puzzle

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting language) was recently, in 2008, in its 10th year. The concept was articulated in 1998 by Charles Hoffman, known as XFRML (eXtensible Financial Reporting Mark Up Language) to facilitate the business reporting process and improve financial reporting. The objective of this paper is to examine a decade (1998-2008) of XBRL articles published in various publications including trade, practitioner and academic journals to identify trends and patterns, milestones, and organizations actively contributed to this development. Another goal is to assess public perceptions of XBRL, its capabilities and its future. We examined published articles where XBRL appeared either in the title or abstract of the article during 1998-2008. Considering that XBRL reporting is being required only in recent years, the research shows various interest groups worked together for a long time to achieve a common goal. The academic community has also been proactive in contributing to and assessing this new reporting standard. There is a trail of research articles to document this contribution. This paper provides various charts and interesting statistics

Trophic upgrading and mobilization of wax esters in microzooplankton

Heterotrophic protists play pivotal roles in aquatic ecosystems by transferring matter and energy, including lipids, from primary producers to higher trophic predators. Using Oxyrrhis marina as a model organism, changes to the non-saponifiable protist lipids were investigated under satiation and starvation conditions. During active feeding on the alga Cryptomonas sp., the O. marina hexane soluble non-saponifiable fraction lipid profile reflected its food source with the observed presence of long chain mono-unsaturated fatty alcohols up to C25:1. Evidence of trophic upgrading in O. marina was observed with long chain mono-unsaturated fatty alcohol accumulation of up to C35:1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that heterotrophic dinoflagellates are capable of producing ester derived alcohols and that dinoflagellates like O. marina are capable of synthesizing fatty alcohols up to C 35 . Additionally, we show evidence of trophic upgrading of lipids. During a 20-day resource deprivation, the lipid profile remained constant. During starvation, the mobilization of wax esters as energy stores was observed with long chain fatty alcohols mobilized first. Changes in lipid class profile and utilization of wax esters in O. marina provides insight into the types of lipids available for energy demand, the transfer of lipids through the base of marine food webs, and the catabolic response induced by resource deprivation

A modular design strategy to integrate mechanotransduction concepts in scaffold-based bone tissue engineering

Repair or regeneration of load-bearing bones has long been an incentive for the tissue engineering community to develop a plethora of synthetic bone scaffolds. Despite the key role of physical forces and the mechanical environment in bone regeneration, the mechanotransduction concept has rarely been incorporated in structural design of bone tissue scaffolds, particularly those made of bioactive materials such as hydrogels and bioceramics. Herein, we introduce a modular design strategy to fabricate a load bearing device that can support a wide range of hydrogel- and ceramic-based scaffolds against complex in-vivo loading conditions to induce desirable mechanical strains for bone regeneration within the scaffolds. The device is comprised of a fenestrated polymeric shell and ceramic structural pillars arranged in a sophisticated configuration to provide ample internal space for the scaffold, also enabling it to purposely regulate the levels of strains and stresses within the scaffolds. Utilizing this top-down design approach, we demonstrate that the failure load of alginate hydrogels increases 3200-fold in compression, 300-fold in shear and 75-fold in impact, achieving the values that enable them to withstand physiological loads in weight-bearing sites, while allowing generation of osteoinductive strains (i.e., 0.2-0.4%) in the hydrogel. This modular design approach opens a broad range of opportunities to utilize various bioactive but mechanically weak scaffolds for the treatment of load-bearing defects and exploiting mechanobiology strategies to improve bone regeneration

Nitrogen and phosphorous budgets for integrated culture of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with red seaweed Gracilaria corticata in zero water exchange system

In this study, a 2×3 factorial design with two levels of shrimp density (25 and 50 shrimp per m2) and three levels of red algae density (0, 200 and 400g per m2) was applied to calculate nitrogen and phosphorous budgets in the integrated culture of Litopenaeus vannamei with Gracilaria corticata during 45 days in a zero water exchange system. Juveniles of L. vannamei (5.82±0.11 g) and G. corticata were cultured in 18 round 1 m3 poly ethylene tanks. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and salinity were measured once every 3 days. Results indicated that shrimp density had a significant effect on pH and DO in the morning and in the afternoon. The algal density didn’t have a significant effect on pH and DO in culturing tanks (p> 0.05). According to the results of this study, the main source of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the tanks during a 45-day culturing period was from feeds. Shrimp and algal densities significantly affect the concentration of total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate in water and an increase in shrimp density led to an increase of these compounds whereas, increasing the algal density led to the reduction of these compounds. Results indicated that increasing the density of G. corticata in all treatments, led to an increase in biomass of harvested shrimp and the co-culture of G. corticata with L. vannamei decreased the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in both water and sediments and improved the water quality of L. vannamei culture

Parameterized Complexity of Directed Spanner Problems

We initiate the parameterized complexity study of minimum t-spanner problems on directed graphs. For a positive integer t, a multiplicative t-spanner of a (directed) graph G is a spanning subgraph H such that the distance between any two vertices in H is at most t times the distance between these vertices in G, that is, H keeps the distances in G up to the distortion (or stretch) factor t. An additive t-spanner is defined as a spanning subgraph that keeps the distances up to the additive distortion parameter t, that is, the distances in H and G differ by at most t. The task of Directed Multiplicative Spanner is, given a directed graph G with m arcs and positive integers t and k, decide whether G has a multiplicative t-spanner with at most m-k arcs. Similarly, Directed Additive Spanner asks whether G has an additive t-spanner with at most m-k arcs. We show that - Directed Multiplicative Spanner admits a polynomial kernel of size ?(k?t?) and can be solved in randomized (4t)^k? n^?(1) time, - Directed Additive Spanner is W[1]-hard when parameterized by k even if t = 1 and the input graphs are restricted to be directed acyclic graphs. The latter claim contrasts with the recent result of Kobayashi from STACS 2020 that the problem for undirected graphs is FPT when parameterized by t and k

Egg production and larval rearing of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) using reared broodstocks in Hormozgan Province, Iran

Egg production of cultivated broodstocks of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides and larvae rearing were surveyed in Iran from 2008 to 2012. Broodstocks were obtained by rearing of 7 wild juveniles (587.57 ± 132.63 g body weight) which were caught from the north of Persian Gulf in October 2008 and reared to December 2012. Captured juvenile fishes were fed using defrosted trash fish at a rate of 4-6 percent of body weight per day. Four-year-old fishes spawned spontaneously, when average weight of females and males were about 7020 ± 1277 g and 5128 ± 253g respectively. Effects of four temperature ranges (23-24, 26-27, 28-29 and 31-32 °C) and three tank size ( 40L, 300L and 2400L) on hatching and survival rates were examined. Eggs were stocked as a density of 25 Eggs L^-1. Effects of tank size on hatching rate and survival of larvae were assessed at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after hatching (DAH). The optimal temperature range for hatching was 28-29°C. No difference was observed among hatching rates of fish within the various tank sizes. Survival rates of larvae in 2400L fiber glass tanks until 30 days after hatching were significantly higher than the other tanks. Results indicate this species can be reproduced and reared in large numbers under normal rearing conditions and carefully controlled temperature

Determination of effective parameters on growth and bloom forming of Cochlodinium polykrikoides

Harmful algal blooms resulting in red discoloration of coastal waters in the Persian Gulf, Iran were first observed in January 2007. The species responsible for the bloom, which was identified as Cochlodinium polykrikoides, coincided with massive aquatic organisms’ mortalities in the Persian Gulf. In order to provide optimum growth and bloom forming, C. polykrikoides cells were sampled during the bloom conditions in the coastal waters of Persian Gulf. After adaptation in filtered seawater, they isolated by positive phototropism characteristic of this species to light. They were grown in modified media culture at different salinity (30, 32 and 35ppt), temperature (20, 23, 26 and 28ºC) and intensity (35, 70 and 90 µmol m^-2 s^-1) with an initial cell density of 50 cell mL^−1. The results of the present study clearly showed that the highest alga biomass was obtained following culture by using A^2 medium under the 32ppt salinity, 26°C temperature, and under a 11h light:13h dark photoperiod regime at a light intensity of 90 µmol m^-2 s^-1 provided by cool white fluorescent tubes. Mean cell density of C. polykrikoides in a 60 liter tank for ten days reached to 32 × 10^6 cell L^−1. Moreover, individual C. polykrikoides chain with 18 cells was observed for the first time in cultures. Based on the results from the present study, as mentioned above, providing suitable media culture and physical condition (light intensity and temperature), bloom forming of C. polykrikoides start from day 8 to 10 and will be continued until day 24 t0 28. In the other hand, C. polykrikoide cells immediately crashed and destroyed

Studying native fishes in Hamadan province

Studying native fishes of Hamadan province have been done in 159 stations from 51 important water resources (wetland, reservoir, spring, river and qanat) using with electric tool, cast-net, seine and gill-net gears from July 2010 to Oct. 2011 and the main aims were species identifying and determining their distribution and abundance in the studied area. In the study, 33411 fish specimens are caught in 257 times of sampling and selected randomly about 8500 individual and laboratory works showed the fish belong to 37 species from 7 families. Cyprinidae with 25, Nemacheilidae with 6 and Sisoridae with 2 species had the most diversity and Cobitidae, Poeciliidae, Salmonidae and Mastacembelidae had only a representative. 31 fish species were native or endemic and 6 species were alien. Fish species existed in all rivers of Ghezelozan and Sirvan sub-basins but there were not any fish in 10 rivers of Ghara-Chai sub-basin and in 6 rivers of Gamasiab sub-basin, too. Also, it was observe 1-3 fish species in 15 rivers, 4-6 fish species in 10 rivers, 7-10 fish species in 5 rivers and more than 10 fish species in 4 main water resources and Gamasiab sub-basin with 32 fish species was the most diversified and Ghezelozan sub-basin with 2 fish species was the least diversified. There were any species to 4 (mostly 1 or 2) fish species in studied qanats in Ghara-Chai and Gamasiab rivers sub-basins. 23 fish species existed in a subbasin, 12 species in 2 sub-basin, Capoeta capoeta in 3 sub-basin and Squalius cephalus in all sub-basins of studied area. Alburnoides nicolausi,Capoeta aculeata and Alburnus mossulensis have had the most frequency. Studying fish abundance showed Oxynoemacheilus argyrogramma with 17.8%, Garra rufa with 12.3%, A. mossulensis with 12.1% and C. aculeata with 10.2 % of total number of caught fish specimens are dominant. S. cephalus, Capoeta damascina, C. aculeata, C. trutta, Chondrostoma regium and A. mossulensis have had sport fishing value but Acanthobrama marmid, Oxynoemacheilus kiabii, Oxynoemacheilus kermanshahensis, Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi, Alburnus caeruleus and Mastacembelus mastacembelus have biodiversity value for being endemic or having limited habitats in Iran

Production of nanoparticles from natural hydroxylapatite by laser ablation

Laser ablation of solids in liquids technique has been used to obtain colloidal nanoparticles from biological hydroxylapatite using pulsed as well as a continuous wave (CW) laser. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements revealed the formation of spherical particles with size distribution ranging from few nanometers to hundred nanometers and irregular submicronic particles. High resolution TEM showed that particles obtained by the use of pulsed laser were crystalline, while those obtained by the use of CW laser were amorphous. The shape and size of particles are consistent with the explosive ejection as formation mechanism