Reconstrucción y análisis de la radiación ultravioleta eritemática en la Península Ibérica desde 1950

La radiación ultravioleta (UV) que llega a la superficie terrestre tiene un efecto perjudicial sobre la piel humana. Este efecto es acumulativo, por lo que es interesante conocer la radiación que ha llegado en el pasado. Sin embargo en España no se comenzó a realizar medidas de manera continua de radiación UV hasta finales del año 1995 en Madrid. Este es el motivo por el cual en este trabajo se han propuesto distintos modelos para estimar la radiación UV en distintas localidades españolas a partir de 1950 y las series obtenidas han sido analizadas.En esta tesis se han utilizado principalmente medidas de radiación UV eritemática (UVER), radiación solar total de onda corta (SW), e insolación, registradas en nueve estaciones radiométricas, una de ellas a cargo del Laboratorio de Atmósfera y Energía de la Universidad de Valladolid. A su vez se han obtenido para cada localidad medidas de: ozono, vapor de agua, propiedades ópticas de aerosoles y albedo de superficie, todas ellas a través de instrumentos a bordo de satélites. Estas medidas de satélites han sido comparadas con medidas realizadas en tierra en otras localidades de España. Mediante esta intercomparación se han derivado las incertidumbres en las medidas de ozono, vapor de agua y espesor óptico de aerosoles.Los datos mencionados, así como las medidas meteorológicas registradas en cada estación de medida, han sido analizados para caracterizar el tipo de atmósfera y su aerosol predominante en cada localidad de estudio. Todas las medidas disponibles han sido utilizadas como parámetros de entrada en un modelo de transferencia radiativa (UVSPEC/LibRadtran) para simular la radiación UVER y SW en condiciones de cielo sin nubes. Se ha realizado un analisis exhaustivo de la exactitud y la sensibilidad del modelo a la incertidumbre en los parámetros de entrada. Las simulaciones bajo cielo sin nubes se han comparado con las medidas realizadas bajo las mismas condiciones, encontrando que las diferencias entre los valores estimados y medidos se encuentran dentro de la incertidumbre causada por la incertidumbre en los parámetros de entrada. Se ha propuesto un modelo para reconstruir la irradiancia UVER horaria en el pasado a partir de medidas de irradiancia SW en conujnto con simulaciones de irradiancia UVER y SW en condiciones de cielo sin nubes. Este modelo se ha comparado con medidas a la vez que otros seis modelos propuestos por otros autores. El modelo propuesto se ajusta mejor a las medidas que el restoDepartamento de Física Aplicad

Integrated water vapor over the Arctic: Comparison between radiosondes and sun photometer observations

Producción CientíficaThe amplification of global warming because of the feedbacks associated with the increase in atmospheric moisture and the decrease in sea ice and snow cover in the Arctic is currently the focus of scientists, policy makers and society. The amplification of global warming is the response to increases in precipitation originally caused by climate change. Arctic predominant increases in specific humidity and precipitation have been documented by observations. In comparison, evapotranspiration in the Arctic is poorly known, in part, because the spatial and temporal sparsity of accurate in situ and remote sensing observations. Although more than 20 observations sites in the Arctic are available, where AERONET sun photometer integrated water vapor (IWV) measurements have been conducted, that information have been barely used. Here, we present a comparison of IWV observations from radiosondes and AERONET sun photometers at ten sites located across the Arctic with the goal to document the feasibility of that set of observations to contribute to the ongoing and future research on polar regions. Sun photometer IWV observations are averaged for three-time windows; 30 min, 6 and 24 h. The predominant dry bias of AERONET IWV observations with respect to radiosondes, identified at tropical and midlatitudes, is also present in the Arctic. The statistics of the comparison show robust results at eight of the ten sites, with precision and accuracy magnitudes below 8 and 2% respectively. The possible causes of the less robust results at the other two sites are discussed. In addition, the impact of selecting other temporal coincidence windows in the average sun photometer IWV used in the comparison were tested. Auto-correlation in diurnal sun photometer IWV could produce appreciable bias in the statistics used for the comparison. We suggest using only one pair of values per day, consisting in the daily mean IWV sun photometer and the IWV radiosonde observation value. This feature should be valid also for comparison of IWV from sun photometer and other instruments. Maximum 10% error level of IWV from sun photometer observations, when compared with radiosondes, have been found for the Arctic. It is in the same order of magnitude than at tropical and middle latitudes locations. It has been demonstrated the feasibility of AERONET IWV observations in the Arctic for research on this variable. AERONET standard instruments and its centralized-standard processing algorithm allow its IWV observations to be considered a relative standard dataset for the re-calibration of other instrumental IWV observations assuming radiosondes as the absolute standard dataset.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (grant RTI2018-097864-B-I00)Junta de Castilla y León (grant VA227P20)Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant GR21080 and project IB18092

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Impact of mineral dust on shortwave and longwave radiation: evaluation of different vertically resolved parameterizations in 1-D radiative transfer computations

Aerosol radiative properties are investigated in southeastern Spain during a dust event on June 16-17, 2013 in the framework of the ChArMEx/ADRIMED (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment /Aerosol Direct Radiative Impact on the regional climate in the MEDiterranean region) campaign. Particle optical and microphysical properties from ground-based sun/sky photometer and lidar measurements, as well as in situ measurements onboard the SAFIRE ATR 42 French research aircraft are used to create a set of different levels of input parameterizations, which feed the 1-D radiative transfer model (RTM) GAME (Global Atmospheric ModEl). We consider three datasets: 1) a first parameterization based on the retrievals by an advanced aerosol inversion code (GRASP; Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties) applied to combined photometer and lidar data; 2) a parameterization based on the photometer columnar optical properties and vertically-resolved lidar retrievals with the two-component Klett-Fernald algorithm; and 3) a parameterization based on vertically-resolved optical and microphysical aerosol properties measured in situ by the aircraft instrumentation. Once retrieved, the outputs of the RTM in terms of both shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes are compared against ground and in situ airborne measurements. In addition, the outputs of the model in terms of the aerosol direct radiative effect are discussed with respect to the different input parameterizations. Results show that calculated atmospheric radiative fluxes differ no more than 7 % to the measured ones. The three parameterization datasets produce a cooling effect due to mineral dust both at the surface and the top of the atmosphere. Aerosol radiative effects with differences up to 10 W·m-2 in the shortwave spectral range (mostly due to differences in the aerosol optical depth), and 2 W·m-2 for the longwave (mainly due to differences in the aerosol optical depth but also to the coarse mode radius used to calculate the radiative properties) are obtained when comparing the three parameterizations. The study reveals the complexity of parametrizing 1-D RTMs as sizing and characterising the optical properties of mineral dust is challenging. The use of advanced remote sensing data and processing, in combination with closure studies on the optical/microphysical properties from in situ aircraft measurements when available, is recommended.Peer Reviewe

A 1-D radiative transfer study of mineral dust during CHARMEX/ADRIMED 2013 campaign

A 1-D radiative transfer study is presented based on the measurements performed at Granada during a dust event within the framework of the ChArMEx/ADRIMED (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing on the Mediterranean Climate) campaign, during June 16-17, 2013. Ground-based AERONET and lidar measurements were performed and further processed with the GRASP algorithm to get spectrally-resolved profiles of extinction and single scattering albedo. Furthermore, the research aircraft ATR-42 made two flights above Granada providing vertical profiles of aerosol optical and microphysical properties together with measurements of broadband radiative fluxes. All of the ground-based and aircraft aerosol properties are used as input in the radiative transfer model GAME in order to evaluate its sensitivity to different input datasets. The aircraft fluxes are used for validation of the modelled ones.Peer Reviewe

A 1-D radiative transfer study of mineral dust during CHARMEX/ADRIMED 2013 campaign

A 1-D radiative transfer study is presented based on the measurements performed at Granada during a dust event within the framework of the ChArMEx/ADRIMED (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing on the Mediterranean Climate) campaign, during June 16-17, 2013. Ground-based AERONET and lidar measurements were performed and further processed with the GRASP algorithm to get spectrally-resolved profiles of extinction and single scattering albedo. Furthermore, the research aircraft ATR-42 made two flights above Granada providing vertical profiles of aerosol optical and microphysical properties together with measurements of broadband radiative fluxes. All of the ground-based and aircraft aerosol properties are used as input in the radiative transfer model GAME in order to evaluate its sensitivity to different input datasets. The aircraft fluxes are used for validation of the modelled ones.Peer Reviewe

Antropologías hechas en Ecuador. Estudios históricos y sociales (Volumen III)

Al igual que en otros países, en Ecuador la antropología no es solo una disciplina, son varias genealogías que obedecen a temas diversos con enfoques interdisciplinarios y que cambian de acuerdo al contexto social, económico y político; pero a diferencia de la región, registra pocas escuelas de antropología y centros de formación de profesionales en el área. Esta recopilación de textos muestra la diversidad y las múltiples facetas de las antropologías ecuatorianas. La antropología ecuatoriana no se agota en estas historiografías y resalta aquellas genealogías del pensamiento ecuatoriano, nutrido por reflexiones desde las escuelas clásicas de la antropología, que dialogan fuertemente con el contexto nacional y que, particularmente, tienen la capacidad de recrearse a la luz de las necesidades reales de la gente con quienes se co-construye el conocimiento