Costos laborales, economia informal y reformas a la legistacion laboral en Bolivia

Develops and sets a general equilibrium dynamic and stochastic model with 2 sectors, formal and informal, for the economy in Bolivia. The goal of the model is to evaluate the impact of recent labor market reforms on employment, wages and the product. Specifically, analyzes the effect of a tax increase in employment which serves for the creation of a semi - contributory fund with a redistributive character that is defined in the New Pension Law. On the other hand, analyzes the effect of an increase in firing and hiring costs, defined in the draft Labor Code. The results indicate that in the first case, the reform increases the informality, which causes decrease in the long term variations of the number of contributors to the new background, affecting its sustainability. In the second case, the reform reduces the mobility of formal and informal employment within each sector and across sectors. This increases the time required for product recovery in case of a recession or respond in case of an expansion

Social impacts of climate change in Brazil: A municipal level analysis of the effects of recent and future climate change on income, health and inequality

The paper uses data from 5,507 municipalities in Brazil to estimate the relationships between climate and income as well as climate and health, and then uses the estimated relationships to gauge the effects of past and future climate change on income levels and life expectancy in each of these municipalities. The simulations indicate that climate change over the past 50 years has tended to cause an overall drop in incomes in Brazil of about four percent, with the initially poorer and hotter municipalities in the north and northeast Brazil suffering bigger losses than the initially richer and cooler municipalities in the south. The simulations thus suggest that climate change has contributed to an increase in inequality between Brazilian municipalities, as well as to an increase in poverty. The climate change projected for the next 50 years is estimated to have similar, but more pronounced effects, causing an overall reduction in incomes of about 12 percent, holding all other things constant. Again, the initially poorer municipalities in the already hot northern regions are likely to suffer more from additional warming than the initially richer and cooler municipalities in the south, indicating that projected future climate change would tend to contribute to increased poverty and income inequality in Brazil

Airport charges and marginal costs for Spanish airports before the process of partial privatization

Airport pricing is considered as one of the most relevant issues for policymakers. According transport policy, pricing schemes should be at least partially based on marginal costs. This article aims at comparing the most relevant aeronautical airport charges with their corresponding marginal costs for the Spanish airports in the period before the partial privatization process. To that end, we have built very detailed airport charge variables, and then, have estimated a flexible short-run variable cost function system using a panel of thirty-five airports over a 6-year period. The results show that the evolution of aeronautical airport charges does not follow the trend of marginal costs. Moreover, these charges are set above the shortrun marginal costs with the exception of the smallest and insular airports. Finally, we find the existence of non-neutral technological change and excess of capacity for the Spanish airports

MORTALIDAD DE LA NIÑEZ MENOR DE CINCO AÑOS EN BOLIVIA: ANÁLISIS DE SUPERVIVENCIA Y SUS FACTORES DE RIESGO ASOCIADOS

La mortalidad en la niñez menor de cinco años (5q0) es un factor que se asocia con el bienestar de una población y un indicador de desarrollo en salud y el estado socioeconómico de un país. Según el Informe sobre Equidad en Salud del año 2015, los países con la más alta mortalidad de menores de cinco años en América Latina y el Caribe son Bolivia y Haití. La presente investigación, busca identificar los efectos de factores individuales, del hogar y comunitarios (contextuales) en la mortalidad de niños menores de cinco años. Primero se comparan los tiempos de supervivencias estimados de acuerdo a la función de Kaplan-Meier para los años 2003, 2008 y 2016, y posteriormente se utiliza el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox y el modelo proporcional de Cox jerárquico o multinivel para comparar el riesgo de muerte de menores de cinco años para diferentes años y covariables. Se encuentra que en el tiempo hay una mayor concentración de muertes durante el primer año de vida, en especial durante el primer mes de vida (mortalidad neonatal). Además, el estudio da cuenta de importantes diferencias en el riesgo de muerte según región de residencia (Oriente y Occidente para datos de la ENDSA 2003 y Altiplano, Valles y Llanos para la ENDSA 2008 y EDSA 2016). Por lo tanto, con el fin de incidir en las recomendaciones de política, los estudios futuros deberían centrarse en la identificación de factores de riesgo de 5q0 para cada región de Bolivia por separado

Modelos explicativos de desnutrición crónica como estrategia para focalizar los hogares más vulnerables con población menor de cinco años de estratos uno a tres en Manizales

En Caldas, la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica (13,5%) supera a la de Colombia (13,2%), a la de la subregión de Caldas, Quindío y Risaralda (11,4%) y a la de la Región Central (10,7%). La situación en Manizales es más preocupante que la del departamento dado que la desnutrición crónica en menores de 5 años supera en 15,6 puntos porcentuales dicha prevalencia. Objetivo: estimar modelos explicativos de desnutrición crónica como estrategia para focalizar los hogares más vulnerables con población menor de cinco años de estratos uno a tres en Manizales. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo una investigación de tipo analítico a partir de fuentes secundarias de datos de 7 915 hogares con menores de cinco años (n=10 175) del SISBEN III de Manizales de 2010 (n=43 053 personas). Para estimar los modelos explicativos, se evaluó la correlación entre las variables y se utilizó el método de regresión lineal para validar los modelos con mayor R2 que explicaron la desnutrición crónica (DC). Se validaron los residuos mediante pruebas de normalidad, homocedasticidad y multicolinealidad y se cumplió con el requisito de parsimonia. El análisis estadístico se hizo con el SPSS 15.0. Resultados: 89,5% vivía en el área urbana; la mediana de integrantes del hogar fue de 5 en ambas zonas. Las variables que explicaron la DC fueron: tasa de fecundidad, puntaje del SISBEN III, lugar de residencia, prevalencia de bajo peso al nacer y desempleo de larga duración. Conclusiones: la explicación de la DC en la población general con el modelo de regresión se alcanzó en un 40,0% (R2) y en la zona urbana en un 60,0% (R2).In Caldas, the prevalence of chronic malnutrition (13.5%) exceeds that of Colombia (13.2%), that of the Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda subregion (11.4%) and that of the Central Region ( 10.7%). The situation in Manizales is more worrying than that of the department given that chronic malnutrition in children under 5 years of age exceeds this prevalence by 15.6 percentage points. Objective: to estimate explanatory models of chronic malnutrition as a strategy to target the most vulnerable households with a population under five years of age from strata one to three in Manizales. Materials and methods: an analytical research was carried out from secondary data sources of 7,915 households with children under five years of age (n = 10,175) from the SISBEN III of Manizales in 2010 (n = 43,053 people). To estimate the explanatory models, the correlation between the variables was evaluated and the linear regression method was used to validate the models with higher R2 that explained chronic malnutrition (CD). The residuals were validated by tests of normality, homoscedasticity and multicollinearity and the parsimony requirement was met. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 15.0. Results: 89.5% lived in the urban area; the median number of household members was 5 in both areas. The variables that explained CD were: fertility rate, SISBEN III score, place of residence, prevalence of low birth weight and long-term unemployment. Conclusions: the explanation of CD in the general population with the regression model was reached in 40.0% (R2) and in the urban area in 60.0% (R2)

26,26,26,27,27,27-Hexadeuterated-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D-d6) As Adjuvant of Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

It has been demonstrated that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) and some of its analogues have antitumor activity. 1,25D labeled with deuterium (26,26,26,27,27,27-hexadeuterated 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or 1,25D-d6) is commonly used as internal standard for 1,25D liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) quantification. In the present study using human breast cancer cell lines, the biological activity of 1,25D-d6 administered alone and in combination with two commonly used antineoplastic agents, 5-fluorouracil and etoposide, was evaluated. Using an MTT assay, flow cytometry, and western blots, our data demonstrated that 1,25D-d6 has effects similar to the natural hormone on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the combination of 1,25D-d6 and etoposide enhances the antitumoral effects of both compounds. Interestingly, the antitumoral effect is higher in the more aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Our data indicate that 1,25D-d6 administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy could be a good experimental method for accurately quantifying active 1,25D levels in cultures or in biological fluids, on both in vitro breast cancer cell lines and in vivo animal experimental models.Ministerio de Economía y Competividad; SAF2012-38240Ministerio de Educación e Innovación. MEI; SAF2010-15291Xunta de Galicia; CN2012/074Xunta de Galicia; INCITE08PXIB209130P

Bilastine vs. hydroxyzine : occupation of brain histamine H-receptors evaluated by positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers

A close correlation exists between positron emission tomography (PET)-determined histamine H-receptor occupancy (HRO) and the incidence of sedation. Antihistamines with HRO <20% are classified as non-sedating. The objective was to compare the HRO of bilastine, a second generation antihistamine, with that of hydroxyzine. This randomized, double-blind, crossover study used PET imaging with [ 11 C]-doxepin to evaluate HRO in 12 healthy males (mean age 26.2 years), after single oral administration of bilastine (20 mg), hydroxyzine (25 mg) or placebo. Binding potentials and HROs were calculated in five cerebral cortex regions of interest: frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, insula. Plasma bilastine concentrations, subjective sedation (visual analogue scale), objective psychomotor performance (digital symbol substitution test), physiological variables and safety (adverse events, AEs), were also evaluated. The mean binding potential of all five regions of interest (total binding potential) was significantly greater with bilastine than hydroxyzine (mean value 0.26 vs. 0.13, P < 0.01; mean difference and 95% CI −0.130 [−0.155, 0.105]). There was no significant difference between bilastine and placebo. Overall HRO by bilastine was significantly lower than that by hydroxyzine (mean value −3.92% vs. 53.95%, P < 0.01; mean difference and 95% CI 57.870% [42.664%, 73.075%]). There was no significant linear relationship between individual bilastine plasma concentrations and total binding potential values. No significant between-treatment differences were observed for sedation and psychomotor performance. Twenty-six non-serious AEs were reported. Sleepiness or sedation was not reported with bilastine but appeared in some subjects with hydroxyzine. A single oral dose of bilastine 20 mg had minimal HRO, was not associated with subjective sedation or objective impairment of psychomotor performance and was devoid of treatment-related sedative AEs, thus satisfying relevant subjective, objective and PET criteria as a non-sedating antihistamine

Matemáticas en contexto

El libro compila estrategias didácticas derivadas del programa de formación complementario escritas por instructores técnicos de diferentes regionales del país, describe la forma en que se incorpora el conocimiento matemático en campos específicos de diferentes áreas de formación laboral basado en las teorías didácticas y reflexiones pedagógicas de instructores.The book compiles the didactic strategies derived from the complementary training program by the technical instructors of the regional media of the country, describes the way in which mathematical knowledge is incorporated in the fields of different areas of work training based on theories didactic and pedagogical reflections of instructors.Consideraciones frente al aprendizaje de las matemáticas -- Perspectiva constructivista -- Teoría de las situaciones didácticas -- Modelación matemática -- Mediación tecnológica -- Pensamiento numérico variacional -- Pensamiento numérico -- Pensamiento variacional -- Diseño de modelo matemático con aplicación de costos de producción -- Modelo matemático del consumo de gas en un artefacto afectado por su presión de trabajo -- Planeación de la producción agrícola: Caso plan óptimo de siembra que permita alcanzar la máxima rentabilidad del cultivo -- Estudio del Álgebra de Boole -- Diseño de un modelo de inventarios para una pequeña empresa de calzado de dotación -- Estudio de la Ley de Ohm mediante herramienta interactiva -- Pensamiento métrico-geométrico -- Pensamiento geométrico -- Pensamiento métrico -- Caso de optimización de recursos en el sector industrial de la confección -- Optimización de espacios para huertas urbanas -- Optimización de los costos del espacio de almacenamiento en microempresas y pequeñas empresas de acuerdo con las normas de seguridad vigentes -- Unidad de medida métrica para confección de ropa exterior femenina -- Optimización de recursos aplicando el proceso administrativo -- Pensamiento aleatorio -- Estadística Básica para Articulación con la Media -- Evaluación del impacto de la accidentalidad en la implementación del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (sg-sst) por medio de indicadores -- Identificar los aspectos de la declaración de renta para una persona natural no obligada a llevar contabilidad -- Fortalecimiento de la estadística: caso de las unidades productivas del Centro de Biotecnología Agropecuaria -- Estadística dinámica -- Resultados preliminaresna[270 páginas

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning