Durham, University Library, Cosin V. II. 6: Symeon of Durham, "Libellus de exordio;' etc.

124. Durham, University Library, Cosin V. II. 6 Symeon of Durham, "Libellus de exordio;' etc. [Ker 110*, Gneuss-] HISTORY: The principal item in this manuscript (item 7) is a copy of Symeon of Durham's "Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius hoc est Dunhelmensis ecclesie;' formerly known as the Historia Dunelmensis ecclesie, an account of the foundation of the church of Lindisfarne, the removal of that church to Chester-le-Street in the late 9c, its final relocation at Durham in 995, and the history of the church of Durham down to the death of Bishop William of St. Calais in 1096. The work is now definitely attributed to Symeon of Durham and was written after 1104 and probably by 1107, certainly by 1115. The text in this manuscript is very closely related to that in London, BL Cotton Faustina A.v [191]. Paleographical evidence shows that it was produced at Durham very soon after the composition of the main text, and was corrected by the author, Symeon of Durham. Item 5 was added in the second quarter of the 12c, item 9 in the third quarter. The evidence of medieval Durham library catalogues shows that the manuscript was in Durham in the later Middle Ages. The words on f. 12r/1, '& qua<m> maxime: correspond to the secundo folio reference in the 1421 catalogue, as does the shelf-mark 'O' (gutter) on f. llr (B[otfield] 1838: 124). F. llr has a 15c rubric which incorporates a Durham ex-libris. Item 8 (ff. 88r-98r) and the headings on ff. 1 v and 6r were added by William Claxton of Wynyard (d. 1597), who was associated with other Durham books, including two copies of the "Libellus de exordio;' Oxford, Bodleian Library, Fairfax MS 6, and Laud misc. MS 700 (cf. Doyle 1997). The manuscript was in the library of Bishop John Cosin before 1668, when he founded the Episcopal Library, entrusted to the University of Durham in 1937. Eight paper leaves were added in the 18c. Quires I-XI constitute the original manuscript, with XII added in 16c. Quires XIII-XIV are later 12c additions

Durham Cathedral Library, A. IV. 36: Symeon of Durham, "Libellus de exordio;' etc.

119a. Durham Cathedral Library, A. IV. 36 Symeon of Durham, "Libellus de exordio;' etc. [Ker-, Gneuss-] HISTORY: A copy of Symeon of Durham's "Libellus de exordio istius hoc est Dunelmensis ecclesie;' formerly known as the Historia Dunelmensis eccclesie. The work is an account of the foundation of the church of Lindisfarne, the removal of that church to Chester-le-Street in the late 9c, its final relocation at Durham in 995, and the history of the church of Durham down to the death of Bishop William of St Calais in 1096. The work is now definitely attributed to Symeon of Durham and was written after 1104 and probably by 1107 or 1109, certainly by 1115. The text in this manuscript (Rollason's text "D'' ) is a careless copy of that in Durham, University Library, Cosin VII. 6 [124], corrected by a contemporary hand in brown pencil. Its script and decoration resemble those of other Durham books, suggesting that it was produced at Durham. That it was also kept there in the Middle Ages is shown by: an erased Durham ex libris (beginning of 15c, legible under ultra-violet light) at the top off. 1 and the letter 'M' corresponding to an entry in the 1395 catalogue of books in the Durham claustral library (B[otfield] 1838: 56); the first words off. 2r which correspond more or less to the same entry (the words cited in the catalogue are 'perlatum est' rather than 'prolatum est' but this is obviously a slip); and the fact that in the later Middle Ages the book received annotations by identifiable Durham monks. The manuscript was in 1568 given to Matthew Parker by Robert Horne (note on f. 12lv/8-ll), who had been a dean of Durham (1551/3-1559/61). There are chapter marks, etc. in red crayon similar to that found in many of Parker's manuscripts. It was transcribed about Parker's time as CCCC 100(1) (Doyle 1998: 158). It was possibly at York later on, where it is assigned in Bernard's Catalogi Manuscriptorum Angliae (1697), II, pt. 1,4, and was seen there by Thomas Rud. It was removed from York somehow and later belonged to the Dutch collector Henrik van Wijn (18c/19c), inscriptionf . iv recto (bottom) and flyleaf notes by him (ii verso), and was bought at Leiden and brought back to England, probably in the 1830s. It was subsequently acquired for Sir Thomas Phillipps's Library as MS 9374, and was purchased for the Durham Cathedral Library in 1950 (cf. Davies 1951, Doyle 1998: 160). Because of its acquisition history, it was not known to Dobbie or mentioned in Ker, Catalogue, and hence omitted by Robinson and Stanley 1991. &nbsp

Re-evaluating participatory catchment management: Integrating mapping, modelling, and participatory action to deliver more effective risk management

Recent policy changes, such as the EU Water Framework Directive, have transformed catchment management to consider connected socio-ecological systems at the catchment scale, and integrate concept of public participation. However, there is relatively little research exploring how effective these changes have been in altering existing practices of management. Adopting a transdisciplinary approach, this thesis investigates a range of perspectives to explore existing participatory practices in current catchment management, and understand how we can integrate alternative knowledges and perspectives. The research employs diverse social and physical science methods, including participant led interviews and participatory mapping, numerical flood modelling, and the creation of a participatory competency group. The research finds that, despite the participatory policy turn, established supracatchment scale drivers continue to dictate top-down practices of everyday catchment management, excluding local communities from decision-making power. In contrast, participation in managing extreme events is actively encouraged, with the development of community resilience a key objective for management agencies. However, the research findings suggest that a similar lack of meaningful participation in knowledge creation and decision-making restricts resilience building. Based on these findings, the research explores practical ways in which participation and resilience can be embedded in ICM, using the typically expert-led practice of numerical flood modelling to show how existing practices of knowledge creation can be enhanced. The thesis also demonstrates how new practices of knowledge creation, based on social learning, can be used to develop new, more effective ways of communicating flood risk and building local resilience. The thesis proposes a new framework for the management of connected socio-ecological catchment systems, embedding evolutionary resilience as a practical mechanism by which public participation and the management of everyday and extreme events could be unified to develop more effective and sustainable catchment management and more resilient communities

Durham, Cathedral Library, Hunter 100: "Liber de medicina, compoto, et astronomia" including Latin-OE herbal glossary

123. Durham, Cathedral Library, Hunter 100 "Liber de medicina, compoto, et astronomia" including Latin-OE herbal glossary [Ker 110, Gneuss-] HISTORY: Four separate booklets of similar design and script which have at times had different arrangements since the 15c, as shown by two sets of foliations, one 15c and the other modern pencil. The opening words of f. 86r/I (the original second folio) correspond more or less to the entry in the Durham Cathedral library catalogue for 1395 ( the 'sunt nigro' of the catalogue reference is clearly a slip for 'sit ex nigri' (Botfield 1838: 33) so this book was certainly at Durham in the Middle Ages. That it was produced in Durham in the early 12c is shown by the occurrence in it of the hand identified with that of the cantor and historian of the church of Durham, Symeon (d. ca. 1129), which wrote part of ff. lr-42v (including the first section of item 10, ff. l 7r-20r/31 ). The book is written throughout in early 12c hands of an elegant, small, calligraphic character. Mention on f. 28r, in the marginal Easter table annals (item 12), of the deaths of William of Saint-Calais, bishop of Durham (d. 1096), and William Rufus (d. 1100), but not of their successors RanulfFlambard (d. 1128) and Henry I (d.1135), confirms that this item was written before the latter dates. In the 15c the book was extensively annotated throughout by a single large hand which also supplied a continuous foliation. The book presumably remained at Durham, and entered the collection of Dr. Christopher Hunter (1675-1757), from whose executors the Dean and Chapter of Durham bought it in 1757 (on the Hunter donation see Hughes 1925: 32-34). An apparently intermediate owner is noted on f. 12lr, 'Roger Gan<d>sar | hys Book 1710'. That it received its present arrangement in relatively recent times is shown by the 18c inscription at the top off. 85r, 'Liber Ecclesi.e | Cathedr. Dunelm:, which is however matched by the same inscription in the same hand on f. 1r

The prevalence of polypharmacy in elderly attenders to an emergency department - a problem with a need for an effective solution

We studied the prevalence of polypharmacy in attenders aged 75 years and over to an emergency department (ED) in North London over a period of 1 month. We identified 467 patients in this age group. Analysis of medications being prescribed revealed at least 82 patients on medication with the potential for adverse interaction. There is a need for ED-initiated strategies to identify interactions and for pathways to allow for medication review

‘Buying a path’: rethinking resistance in Rwanda

In this essay, I tell the story of Jean-Baptiste, the president of a motorcycle taxi drivers’ co-operative, and his struggle against the machinations of certain high officials in Kigali City Council. Crucial to this story is the way in which Jean-Baptiste’s attempts to retain his position in the face of powerful opposition pit certain agencies of Rwanda’s party state against others. I use this ethnographic narrative to question the way in which much scholarship on popular resistance in Rwanda, drawing on Scott’s simplified opposition between the powerful and the powerless, opposes ‘ordinary Rwandans’ to ‘the state’ as monolithic entities with opposed interests. Theorising Jean-Baptiste’s story in terms of Rwandan idioms of relative power and influence, I suggest that such a Manichean view of power and resistance in Rwanda oversimplifies social realities. I propose instead a model of power and resistance that sees the state as a field of capacities and possible relationships that it presents for certain people, where ‘paths’ to influence and security may by ‘bought’ – especially, but not exclusively, by those who are ‘strong’ and ‘high’

Cloning and Characterization of the Antiviral Activity of Feline Tetherin/BST-2

Human Tetherin/BST-2 has recently been identified as a cellular antiviral factor that blocks the release of various enveloped viruses. In this study, we cloned a cDNA fragment encoding a feline homolog of Tetherin/BST-2 and characterized the protein product. The degree of amino acid sequence identity between human Tetherin/BST-2 and the feline homolog was 44.4%. Similar to human Tetherin/BST-2, the expression of feline Tetherin/BST-2 mRNA was inducible by type I interferon (IFN). Exogenous expression of feline Tetherin/BST-2 efficiently inhibited the release of feline endogenous retrovirus RD-114. The extracellular domain of feline Tetherin/BST-2 has two putative N-linked glycosylation sites, N79 and N119. Complete loss of N-linked glycosylation by introduction of mutations into both sites resulted in almost complete abolition of its antiviral activity. In addition, feline Tetherin/BST-2 was insensitive to antagonism by HIV-1 Vpu, although the antiviral activity of human Tetherin/BST-2 was antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu. Our data suggest that feline Tetherin/BST-2 functions as a part of IFN-induced innate immunity against virus infection and that the induction of feline Tetherin/BST-2 in vivo may be effective as a novel antiviral strategy for viral infection

Molecular epidemiology and population genetics of Schistosoma mansoni infecting school-aged children situated along the southern shoreline of Lake Malawi, Malawi

Background In areas of low disease endemicity, highly sensitive diagnostic tools to identify, diagnose, and monitor intestinal schistosomiasis transmission are needed to reliably measure the burden and risk of infection. Here, we used highly sensitive molecular diagnostic methods to investigate Schistosoma mansoni prevalence and transmission along the southern shoreline of Lake Malawi, five years post-disease outbreak. Methodology and principal findings Faecal and urine samples were provided by school-aged children situated along the southern shoreline of Lake Malawi. Kato-Katz faecal-egg microscopy and point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) rapid diagnostic tests were then performed to diagnose infection with S. mansoni. Urine-egg microscopy was also used to diagnose infection with Schistosoma haematobium. In addition, Schistosoma miracidia were isolated from faecal material using a standard miracidium hatching technique. A two-step real-time PCR approach was then used to diagnose infection with S. mansoni using DNA isolated from faecal samples. Furthermore, isolated miracidia were genotyped to species level through PCR and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were then carried out to identify which previously defined S. mansoni cox1 lineage group S. mansoni miracidia were most closely related to. The measured prevalence of S. mansoni infection varied considerably depending on which diagnostic assay was used. When compared to real-time PCR, faecal-egg microscopy had a sensitivity of 9% and a specificity of 100%. When POC-CCA ‘trace’ results were considered positive, POC-CCA had a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 81% when compared to real-time PCR. However, when considered negative, POC-CCA sensitivity was reduced to 56%, whereas specificity was increased to 90%. In addition, a high degree of S. haematobium DNA was detected in DNA isolated from faecal samples and motile S. haematobium miracidia were recovered from faecal samples. Schistosoma mansoni miracidia were closely related to two independent cox1 lineage groups, suggesting multiple recent introduction and colonisation events originating from surrounding east African countries. Conclusions and significance Intestinal schistosomiasis is now highly prevalent along the southern shoreline of Lake Malawi just five years post-disease outbreak. In addition, a high prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis persists. The revision of ongoing schistosomiasis control programmes in this area is therefore recommended. Our study also highlights the need for reliable diagnostic assays capable of distinguishing between Schistosoma species in multispecies co-endemic areas

The rise of consumer health wearables: promises and barriers

Will consumer wearable technology ever be adopted or accepted by the medical community? Patients and practitioners regularly use digital technology (e.g., thermometers and glucose monitors) to identify and discuss symptoms. In addition, a third of general practitioners in the United Kingdom report that patients arrive with suggestions for treatment based on online search results. However, consumer health wearables are predicted to become the next “Dr Google.” One in six (15%) consumers in the United States currently uses wearable technology, including smartwatches or fitness bands. While 19 million fitness devices are likely to be sold this year, that number is predicted to grow to 110 million in 2018. As the line between consumer health wearables and medical devices begins to blur, it is now possible for a single wearable device to monitor a range of medical risk factors. Potentially, these devices could give patients direct access to personal analytics that can contribute to their health, facilitate preventive care, and aid in the management of ongoing illness. However, how this new wearable technology might best serve medicine remains unclea