Self-formation in the Process of Teachers Professionalization — Function, Meaning and Significance

Tekst jest refleksją na temat warunków tworzenia sytuacji przygotowania profesjonalnego w kontekście kształcenia ustawicznego. Analizujemy w nim i charakteryzujemy zagadnienie samokształtowania w procesie przygotowania profesjonalnego nauczycieli czynnych zawodowo, w specyficznym kontekście kształcenia ustawicznego.We suggest in this paper a reasoning about the implementation conditions of professional learning situations in the context of continuing education. We invite to identify and characterize the proportion of self-training in professional learning situations in the specific context of continuous training schemes for employment teachers.Publikacja finansowana przez Wydział Nauk o Wychowaniu Uniwersytetu Łódzkieg

Les métiers de l’éducation et de la formation : une professionnalisation en tensions

Les textes officiels et/ou professionnels sur les formations initiales et/ou continues dans les métiers adressés à autrui défendent parfois avec vigueur une visée : la professionnalisation. Outre que ce terme de professionnalisation pourrait apparaître comme un effet de mode, il semble important d’en comprendre ses fondements, ses conditions d’émergence tant du point de vue des recherches en sciences de l’éducation que du point de vue des discours sur et pour la professionnalisation, ses valeurs ajoutées, ses retombées attendues. Cet article propose donc au lecteur un tour d’horizon historique permettant d’expliquer le succès de cette notion. Il vise aussi à définir le terme en le confrontant à d’autres notions ou concepts, et notamment ceux de professionnalité et de savoirs professionnels. Enfin, il cherche à mettre en évidence les grandes questions et enjeux contenus dans cet objectif de professionnalisation en montrant aussi quelles peuvent être les conditions gagnantes pour faire d’un parcours de formation et de développement professionnel un véritable processus de professionnalisation des professionnels de l’éducation ou de la formation en devenir

Une perspective bachelardienne pour lire et comprendre les situations d'aprentissage professionnel de la formation à l'enseignement

Ce texte présente quelques résultats préliminaires d’une recherche menée présentement à l’Institut de recherche sur les pratiques éducatives de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment les situations présentes dans la formation à l’enseignement peuvent soutenir le fonctionnement et la réussite de l’apprentissage professionnel des enseignants en formation. Nous cherchons à identifier les points de rencontre entre les situations d’activité professionnelle, les situations d’apprentissage professionnel et les situations de formation. Nous tenterons d’analyser le rôle que peuvent jouer certains dispositifs visant à soutenir un processus de professionnalisation que nous définissons au regard d’une finalité : la construction de savoirs professionnels. L’originalité de cette recherche est la convocation des travaux de Gaston Bachelard pour élaborer le cadre théorique permettant la lecture et l’interprétation des résultats.This text presents a few preliminary results of research currently being conducted at the Université de Sherbrooke’s Research Institute on Educational Practices. The study seeks to understand how situations presented in teacher education can support the functioning and success of trainee teachers’ professional learning. The article’s aim is to identify the points of convergence between situations of professional activity, situations of professional learning, and training situations. The text will attempt to analyze the role that can be played by certain training structures that seek to support a professionalization process that we define in terms of a general aim: the construction of professional knowledge. The originality of this research lies in that it draws on the work of Gaston Bachelard to develop a theoretical frame enabling a reading and interpretation of the results

« Déprofessionnalisation »

Le propos de ce texte est de définir la déprofessionnalisation. Demailly et La Broise (2009), qui posent ce terme comme « sociologiquement difficile à employer et fortement polysémique » (p. 1), le présentent principalement comme « un inverse de professionnalisation » (Ibid.). En épousant cette perspective, nous proposons de caractériser la déprofessionnalisation à partir de ses traces et de ses formes mais aussi en cherchant à identifier ses causes et ses conséquences. Avant de définir la déprofessionnalisation, il nous paraît donc important de présenter, dans une première partie, le construit qui, selon nous, la révèle en creux. Prendre ainsi appui sur la définition de la professionnalisation pour caractériser la déprofessionnalisation nous invite, dans une seconde partie, à esquisser les contextes et conditions d’émergence de cette réalité sociale. Dans une troisième partie, nous proposons au lecteur différentes définitions de la déprofessionnalisation.The purpose of this paper is to define the de-professionalisation. Demailly and La Broise (2009), which presented this term as « sociologically difficult to use and highly polysemous » (p. 1), showing it primarily as a « reverse of professionalisation » (Ibid.). We suggest to characterize the de-professionalisation, from its traces and forms, but also by seeking to identify its causes and consequences. Before defining the de-professionalisation , it seems important to present, in the first part, the construction whose reveals it. We will first characterize de-professionalisation supporting by the definition of profesionalisation and that will invites us in a second part, to outline the contexts and conditions of emergence of this social reality. In the third part, we will propose somes definitions of de-professionalisation

Modulation de l'échangeur Na+/H+ de type 1 (NHE1) par le canal sodique dépendant du voltage Nav1.5 (implication dans l'invasivité de cellules cancéreuses mammaires humaines)

Les cellules cancéreuses mammaires invasives expriment des canaux sodiques NaV1.5 dont l activité semble être associée au développement métastatique. L activité de ce canal dans les cellules MDA-MB-231 conduit à une acidification péricellulaire favorable à l activité des cathepsines à cystéine B et S extracellulaires et à la dégradation de la matrice extracellulaire. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons montré que l échangeur NHE1 est le principal régulateur du pH des cellules MDA-MB-231 et que l activité du canal NaV1.5 augmente l activité d efflux de protons par NHE1 vraisemblablement par modulation allostérique. NaV1.5 et NHE1 sont co-localisés dans des radeaux lipidiques et plus particulièrement dans les invadopodes des cellules MDA-MB-231. Les activités de NHE1 et NaV1.5 stimulent l activité protéolytique des invadopodes. Enfin, l activité du canal NaV1.5 semble moduler le cytosquelette et la morphologie des cellules cancéreuses MDA-MB-231 pour leur donner un phénotype invasif. En conclusion, NaV1.5 augmente l activité de NHE1 dans les invadopodes stimulant ainsi l invasivité des cellules cancéreuses mammaires.Invasive breast cancer cells express NaV1.5 sodium channels which activity seems to be associated with metastatic progression. The activity of the channel in MDA-MB-231 cells leads to a pericellular acidification favourable for the activity of extracellular cysteine cathepsins B and S and for extracellular matrix degradation. During this thesis, we have shown that NHE1 exchanger is the main pH regulator in MDA-MB-231 cells and that the activity of NaV1.5 channels increases protons efflux activity of NHE1 possibly through allosteric modulation. NaV1.5 and NHE1 are co-localised in lipid rafts and in invadopodia of MDA-MB-231 cells. The activity of NHE1 and NaV1.5 promotes the proteolytic activity of invadopodia. Finally, the activity of NaV1.5 channels seems to modulate cytoskeleton and morphology of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells to promote the acquisition of a proinvasive phenotype. In conclusion NaV1.5 increases NHE1 activity in invadopodia to stimulate breast cancer cells invasiveness.TOURS-Bibl.électronique (372610011) / SudocSudocFranceF

Nutrition training in medical and other health professional schools in West Africa: the need to improve current approaches and enhance training effectiveness

Background: Health professionals play a key role in the delivery of nutrition interventions. Improving the quality of nutrition training in health professional schools is vital for building the necessary human resource capacity to implement effective interventions for reducing malnutrition in West Africa. This study was undertaken to assess the current status of nutrition training in medical, nursing and midwifery schools in West Africa. Design: Data were collected from 127 training programs organized by 52 medical, nursing, and midwifery schools. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, we collected information on the content and distribution of nutrition instruction throughout the curriculum, the number of hours devoted to nutrition, the years of the curriculum in which nutrition was taught, and the prevailing teaching methods. Simple descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results: Nutrition instruction occurred mostly during the first 2 years for the nursing (84%), midwifery (87%), and nursing assistant (77%) programs and clinical years in medical schools (64%). The total amount of time devoted to nutrition was on average 57, 56, 48, and 28 hours in the medical, nursing, midwifery, and nursing assistant programs, respectively. Nutrition instruction was mostly provided within the framework of a dedicated nutrition course in nursing (78%), midwifery (87%), and nursing assistant programs (100%), whereas it was mainly embedded in other courses in medical schools (46%). Training content was heavily weighted to basic nutrition in the nursing (69%), midwifery (77%), and nursing assistant (100%) programs, while it was oriented toward clinical practice in the medical programs (64%). For all the programs, there was little focus (<6 hours contact time) on public health nutrition. The teaching methods on nutrition training were mostly didactic in all the surveyed schools; however, we found an integrated model in some medical schools (12%). None of the surveyed institutions had a dedicated nutrition faculty. The majority (55%) of the respondents rated nutrition instruction in their institutions as insufficient. Conclusions: The results of our study reveal important gaps in current approaches to nutrition training in health professional schools in West Africa. Addressing these gaps is critical for the development of a skilled nutrition workforce in the region. Nutrition curricula that provide opportunities to obtain more insights about the basic principles of human nutrition and their application to public health and clinical practice are recommended

Ethyl biodiesels derived from non-edible oils within the biorefinery concept - Pilot scale production & engine emissions

Procedures and operating conditions optimized in laboratory scale for the production of ethyl biodiesels from non-edible vegetable oils (NEVOs) were successfully transferred at pilot scale, with implementation of separation and purification stages. The three NEVOs candidates are Balanites aegyptiaca (BA), Azadirachta indica (AI), and Jatropha curcas (JC), converted into BAEEs, AIEEs and JCEEs respectively via homogeneous catalysis. Quality specifications of the produced biofuels were used to explain pollutant emissions and engine performance observed via a power generator. Under the same conditions, blends of petrodiesel with crude BA or JC oil (50 wt.%) were also investigated. The selected overall methodology “feedstock-conversion-engine” led to the proposal of a sustainable alternative fuel. The candidate NEVO is BA oil to which the proposed alkali route should lead to a low cost biodiesel production process thanks to easy operating conditions, associated with a two-stage procedure (glycerol recycling) and a dry-purification method (rice husk ashes). Glycerol addition should be carried out at ambient temperature to play positively at phenomena occurring in the reacting medium (chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium). Tests on power generator demonstrated that BAEEs led to cleaner combustion than petrodiesel, particularly for the most harmful emissions (light carbonyls and ultrafine particulate matter)

Effect of a short-term HAART on SIV load in macaque tissues is dependent on time of initiation and antiviral diffusion

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>HIV reservoirs are rapidly established after infection, and the effect of HAART initiated very early during acute infection on HIV reservoirs remains poorly documented, particularly in tissue known to actively replicate the virus. In this context, we used the model of experimental infection of macaques with pathogenic SIV to assess in different tissues: (i) the effect of a short term HAART initiated at different stages during acute infection on viral dissemination and replication, and (ii) the local concentration of antiviral drugs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we show that early treatment with AZT/3TC/IDV initiated either within 4 hours after intravenous infection of macaques with SIVmac251 (as a post exposure prophylaxis) or before viremia peak (7 days post-infection [pi]), had a strong impact on SIV production and dissemination in all tissues but did not prevent infection. When treatment was initiated after the viremia peak (14 days pi) or during early chronic infection (150 days pi), significant viral replication persists in the peripheral lymph nodes and the spleen of treated macaques despite a strong effect of treatment on viremia and gut associated lymphoid tissues. In these animals, the level of virus persistence in tissues was inversely correlated with local concentrations of 3TC: high concentrations of 3TC were measured in the gut whereas low concentrations were observed in the secondary lymphoid tissues. IDV, like 3TC, showed much higher concentration in the colon than in the spleen. AZT concentration was below the quantification threshold in all tissues studied.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results suggest that limited antiviral drug diffusion in secondary lymphoid tissues may allow persistent viral replication in these tissues and could represent an obstacle to HIV prevention and eradication.</p