Un analisis sobre la efectividad del control interno en el sector público

En el presente artículo se tratará el Control Interno en el sector público, su normatividad, sus principios, el diseño y la implementación de cada una de sus fases. Cómo se ejerce el mismo en las entidades públicas; además, de qué tan efectivo ha sido y si ha logrado disminuir, controlar los fraudes y los delitos de cuello blancos que comúnmente se presentan. Además de esto, si los encargados de aplicarlo son responsables y asumen el compromiso. En Colombia se ha venido experimentando una serie de sucesos lamentables para la economía del país y la efectividad del mismo. A partir de la implementación del MECI, (Modelo Estándar de Control Interno) se ha tratado de establecer un esquema lineal para todas las Empresas Públicas y aquellos particulares que manejen dineros del Estado, trabajen de manera única, logrando uniformidad en los principios y procedimientos de las mismas

Propuesta de mejora en el aprovisionamiento de los contratos de mantenimiento en Xylem Water Solutions Perú S.A.

El presente trabajo de investigación centra sus esfuerzos en Xylem Inc., empresa global de tecnología dedicada al diseño y fabricación de soluciones para aplicaciones y tratamiento del agua. Xylem Inc. inició sus actividades en el país durante el 2002 bajo la denominación Xylem Perú. Actualmente, la cadena de aprovisionamiento de Xylem Perú presenta ciertas limitaciones que impiden mantener un alto rendimiento en proyectos de contratos de mantenimiento. La falta de planificación de compras, la carencia de procesos estructurados y una limitada visibilidad de costos y tiempos en el proceso son las causas más relevantes detrás del problema detectado

Amiloidosis Secundaria o Sistemática: Diagnóstico por la Biopsia Oral y por Patología Clínica en Relación con Pacientes Portadores de Enfermedades Crónicas en Especial TBC Crónica

The present investigation incluided: 100 samples, 20 control groups (Universidad Nacional Agraria students), and 80 patients infected with HIVIAIDS; 25 with level If, 35 with level III, and 20patients with level IV. Average proteinic fractions and salivary percentage were taken: Albumin 45.15%, SALIVARY ALBUMIN 15.2%, GAMMAGLOBULIN 75.94% (SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL 1.00%). Problem Sample.- In the problem sample we can see a considerable alteration in the serical electrophorelics proteins. Spit: level II, 22.12% albumin, gammaglobulin 77.64%, level III, albumin 16.35%, gammaglobulin 83.49%. IV 7.71% albumin and 92.37% gammaglobulim. There is a diferrential relationship between normal values of serical gammaglobulim and salivary ones, in HIV/AIDS infected patiens and there is an increase of bucal pathologies.Tiene caracteres investigatorios ver el depósito anormal de sustancial amiloide en la mucosa oral, mediante la biopsia inocua de las áreas lateral gingival y dérmica (psoriatica) en 20 casos patológicos de pacientes enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, de larga evolución. Así como la aplicación de una adecuada historia clínica implementada en todos los pacientes en los diferentes hospitales y centros asistenciales donde practicando las incisiones operatorias, donde comunicamos y solicitamos el adecuado permiso para nuestra investigación clínica anátomo patológica, con la asepsia adecuada; la aplicación de anestésicos de cirugía menor anticoagulantes y la fijación posterior del espécimen quirúrgico en formalina neutra al 10% para su inclusión de parafina, cortes de pocas micras y las coloraciones de hematoxilina-Eosina y la especifica de Rojo de Congo para buscar en ellos la presencia de amiloide secundaria a proceso inflamatorio especifico y no especifico.Se determinó en la Historia clínica de cada uno de los pacientes todos los datos nosográficos de edad, raza, talla, tiempo de evolución de ella como la T.B.C. terciaria, reumatismo, abscesos, alteraciones de la gingiva y del peridontio para correlacionar el tiempo del depósito y el probable factor etiopatogénico inmunológico de dicha enfermedad y con ello sugerir alguna medida terapéutica clínica aplicar a dichos pacientes, con proyección a la comunidad de pueblos jóvenes donde imperan estos tipos de enfermedades como la TBC y nefritis que pueden provocar un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad, como insuficiencias renales o respiratorias y hacer factor de prevención y promoción clínica de estos males clínicos que estamos llanos a curarlos con mucho tiempo de anticipación o prevención terapéutica con tuberculostativos gratuitos y antibióticos de alta degeneraci6n y con ello evitar la hemodiálisis y la intubación traqueal o toráxica en graves problemas de Anoxia e Hipoxia, de alto costo y son tratamientos finales paliativos

Non-expanded adipose stromal vascular fraction cell therapy for multiple sclerosis

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue is known to contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), T regulatory cells, endothelial precursor cells, preadipocytes, as well as anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Safety of autologous adipose tissue implantation is supported by extensive use of this procedure in cosmetic surgery, as well as by ongoing studies using in vitro expanded adipose derived MSC. Equine and canine studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of non-expanded SVF cells have yielded promising results. Although non-expanded SVF cells have been used successfully in accelerating healing of Crohn's fistulas, to our knowledge clinical use of these cells for systemic immune modulation has not been reported. In this communication we discuss the rationale for use of autologous SVF in treatment of multiple sclerosis and describe our experiences with three patients. Based on this rationale and initial experiences, we propose controlled trials of autologous SVF in various inflammatory conditions

My First Practice – Aplicativo Móvil

El presente proyecto se genera a partir de la preocupación que afecta a muchos estudiantes universitarios de los últimos ciclos que no cuentan con experiencia laboral, debido a los amplios requisitos que solicitan las empresas; la falta de capacitación previa en los procesos de reclutamiento y selección para obtener el puesto de practicante, así como la dificultad de conseguir cursos que se relacionen con su profesión y que sean económicamente accesibles. Es por eso que nuestro proyecto apuesta por la creación de una aplicación llamada My First Practice, en donde estudiantes de últimos ciclos podrán potenciar sus habilidades y especializarse más en el sector de su interés laboral, a través de la experiencia de estudiantes que ya se encuentran trabajando y, junto a la colaboración de pymes, puedan cumplir con el perfil que las empresas desean. Este proyecto consta de dos etapas; en la primera etapa se validó el problema mediante entrevistas a nuestro público objetivo y especialistas; la segunda etapa se realizó se validó la solución con la finalidad de conocer si nuestro proyecto resulta ser viable y escalable en su ejecución. El diferencial de la aplicación My First Practice está basada en su tecnología, una bolsa de trabajo solo con ofertas de pymes, cursos de especialización y el aprendizaje de la mano con estudiantes con experiencia laboral; el conjunto de todas estas características brinda un modelo de negocio que busca facilitar la obtención de las primeras prácticas preprofesionales.This project is generated by the concern that affects many university students of the last cycles who do not have work experience, due to the extensive requirements requested by companies; the lack of prior training in the recruitment and selection processes to obtain the position of practitioner, as well as the difficulty of obtaining courses that are related to their profession and that are economically accessible. That is why our project supports the creation of an application called My First Practice, where final cycle students can enhance their skills and specialize more in the sector of their work interest, through the experience of students who are already working and, together with the collaboration of SMEs, can meet the profile that companies want. This project consists of two stages; in the first stage the problem was validated through interviews with our target audience and specialists; the second stage the solution was validated in order to know if our project turns out to be viable and scalable in its execution. The differential of the My First Practice application is based on its technology, a job board only with offers from SMEs, specialization courses and hand-in-hand learning with students with work experience; the set of all these characteristics provides a business model that seeks to facilitate the obtaining of the first pre-professional practices.Trabajo de investigació

Células dendríticas especializadas en presentación de antígenos exógenos a linfocitos T citotóxicos

Dendritic cells (DC) are cells of hematopoietic origin, which constitutively express MHC class I and II, and are functionally the most potent inducers of T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation. CD8+ T lymphocytes proliferate and acquire cytotoxic functions upon recognition of their cognate antigen on the surface of one or various dendritic cells with which they interact. However, only some DC subsets are able to present antigen to cytotoxic T cell precursors as taken up from extracellular sources. This function is termed cross-presentation (in Spanish, presentación cruzada or presentación subrogada) and requires shuttle mechanisms from phagosomes to the cytosol for antigen processing. It has been demonstrated that the differentiation of DC with these capabilities is dependent on FLT-3L and the transcription factor BATF3. They express peculiar functions and differentiation markers. These cells are distinguished in mice by surface CD8 features, while CD141 (BDCA-3) marks these cells in the human. These subpopulations are capable of selective internalization of necrotic cell debris by means of their CLEC9A lectin which is a receptor for extracellular polymerized actin. Expression of the chemokine receptor XCR1 favours contact with CD8+ T cells. Therapeutic vaccination with tumour antigens using DC is a strategy under development for the treatment of cancer. The use of DC subsets with more prominent capabilities for cross-presentation would mimic the natural mechanisms of immunization to induce cytolitic T lymphocytes. In vivo targeting of antigens with monoclonal antibodies against DEC-205 or CLEC9A attains very robust immune responses and is a strategy undergoing clinical trials for chronic viral diseases and malignancies

ctDNA analysis reveals different molecular patterns upon disease progression in patients treated with osimertinib

Background: Several clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is significant unexplained variability in treatment outcome. Methods: Observational prospective cohort of 22 pre-treated patients with stage IV NSCLC harboring the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) p.T790M resistance mutation and who were treated with osimertinib. Three hundred and twenty-six serial plasma samples were collected and analyzed by digital PCR (dPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results: The median progression-free survival (PFS), since the start of osimertinib, was 8.9 [interquartile range (IQR): 4.6–18.0] months. The median treatment durations of sequential gefitinib + osimertinib, afatinib + osimertinib and erlotinib + osimertinib treatments were 30.1, 24.6 and 21.1 months, respectively. The p.T790M mutation was detected in 19 (86%) pre-treatment blood samples. Undetectable levels of the original EGFR-sensitizing mutation after 3 months of treatment were associated with superior PFS (HR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.7). Likewise, re-emergence of the original EGFR mutation, alone or together with the p.T790M mutation was significantly associated with shorter PFS (HR: 8.8, 95% CI: 1.1–70.7 and HR: 5.9, 95% CI: 1.2–27.9, respectively). Blood-based monitoring revealed three molecular patterns upon progression to osimertinib: sensitizing+/T790M+/C797S+, sensitizing+/T790M+/C797S–, and sensitizing+/T790M–/ C797S–. Median time to progression in patients showing the triplet pattern (sensitizing+/T790M+/C797S+) was 12.27 months compared with 4.87 months in patients in whom only the original EGFR sensitizing was detected, and 2.17 months in patients showing the duplet pattern (sensitizing+/T790M+). Finally, we found that mutations in exon 545 of the PIK3CA gene were the most frequent alteration detected upon disease progression in patients without acquired EGFR-resistance mutations. Conclusions: Different molecular patterns identified by plasma genotyping may be of prognostic significance, suggesting that the use of liquid biopsy is a valuable approach for tumor monitoring.post-print468 K

Real-life disease monitoring in follicular lymphoma patients using liquid biopsy ultra-deep sequencing and PET/CT

In the present study, we screened 84 Follicular Lymphoma patients for somatic mutations suitable as liquid biopsy MRD biomarkers using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. We found trackable mutations in 95% of the lymph node samples and 80% of the liquid biopsy baseline samples. Then, we used an ultra-deep sequencing approach with 2 · 10−4 sensitivity (LiqBio-MRD) to track those mutations on 151 follow-up liquid biopsy samples from 54 treated patients. Positive LiqBio-MRD at first-line therapy correlated with a higher risk of progression both at the interim evaluation (HRINT 11.0, 95% CI 2.10–57.7, p = 0.005) and at the end of treatment (HREOT, HR 19.1, 95% CI 4.10–89.4, p < 0.001). Similar results were observed by PET/CT Deauville score, with a median PFS of 19 months vs. NR (p < 0.001) at the interim and 13 months vs. NR (p < 0.001) at EOT. LiqBio-MRD and PET/CT combined identified the patients that progressed in less than two years with 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Our results demonstrate that LiqBio-MRD is a robust and non-invasive approach, complementary to metabolic imaging, for identifying FL patients at high risk of failure during the treatment and should be considered in future response-adapted clinical trials.This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Union through the projects PI21/00314, PI19/01430, PI19/01518 and PI18/00295, PTQ2020-011372, CP19/00140, CP22/00082, Doctorado industrial CAM IND2020/TIC-17402 and CRIS cancer foundation

Checklist of the vascular plants of the Cantabrian Mountains

We present the first standardized list of the vascular flora of the Cantabrian Mountains, a transitional zone between the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean biogeographic regions in northwestern Spain. The study area comprises 15000 km2 divided in UTM grid cells of 10 km x 10 km, for which we revised occurrence data reported in the Spanish Plant Information System (Anthos) and the online database of Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation (SIVIM). We used a semi-automatic procedure to standardize taxonomic concepts into a single list of names, which was further updated by expert-based revision with the support of national and regional literature. In the current version, the checklist of the Cantabrian Mountains contains 2338 native species and subspecies, from which 56 are endemic to the study area. The nomenclature of the checklist follows Euro+Med in 97% of taxa, including annotations when other criteria has been used and for taxa with uncertain status. We also provide a list of 492 non-native taxa that were erroneously reported in the study area, a list of local apomictic taxa, a phylogenetic tree linked to The Plant List, a standardized calculation of Ellenberg Ecological Indicator Values for 80% of the flora, and information about life forms, IUCN threat categories and legal protection status. Our review demonstrates how the Cantabrian mountains represent a key floristic region in southern Europe and a relevant phytogeographical hub in south-western Europe. The checklist and all related information are freely accessible in a digital repository for further uses in basic and applied researchThis research was supported by the Jardín Botánico Atlántico de Gijón (SV-20-GIJON-JBA) and SEEDALP project (Spanish Reearch Agency; PID2019-108636GA/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)Peer reviewe

Dendritic Cells Take up and Present Antigens from Viable and Apoptotic Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Dendritic cells (DC) are endowed with the ability to cross-present antigens from other cell types to cognate T cells. DC are poised to meet polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) as a result of being co-attracted by interleukin-8 (IL-8), for instance as produced by tumor cells or infected tissue. Human monocyte-derived and mouse bone marrow-derived DC can readily internalize viable or UV-irradiated PMNs. Such internalization was abrogated at 4°C and partly inhibited by anti-CD18 mAb. In mice, DC which had internalized PMNs containing electroporated ovalbumin (OVA) protein, were able to cross-present the antigen to CD8 (OT-1) and CD4 (OT-2) TCR-transgenic T cells. Moreover, in humans, tumor cell debris is internalized by PMNs and the tumor-cell material can be subsequently taken up from the immunomagnetically re-isolated PMNs by DC. Importantly, if human neutrophils had endocytosed bacteria, they were able to trigger the maturation program of the DC. Moreover, when mouse PMNs with E. coli in their interior are co-injected in the foot pad with DC, many DC loaded with fluorescent material from the PMNs reach draining lymph nodes. Using CT26 (H-2d) mouse tumor cells, it was observed that if tumor cells are intracellularly loaded with OVA protein and UV-irradiated, they become phagocytic prey of H-2d PMNs. If such PMNs, that cannot present antigens to OT-1 T cells, are immunomagnetically re-isolated and phagocytosed by H-2b DC, such DC productively cross-present OVA antigen determinants to OT-1 T cells. Cross-presentation to adoptively transferred OT-1 lymphocytes at draining lymph nodes also take place when OVA-loaded PMNs (H-2d) are coinjected in the footpad of mice with autologous DC (H-2b). In summary, our results indicate that antigens phagocytosed by short-lived PMNs can be in turn internalized and productively cross-presented by DC