Educação ambiental nas aulas de química : a experiência de uma sequência didática sobre química verde

O artigo apresenta e discute uma proposta de Sequência Didática sobre Química Verde, envolvendo a Educação Ambiental nas aulas de Química da Educação Básica. Os resultados apontam que a Sequência Didática possibilitou reflexões críticas acerca do papel da Química e dos próprios estudantes na construção de uma sociedade sustentável

Química e arte para a eternidade : pinturas murais do Egito Antigo como proposta de Ensino de química valorizando a história da ciência

Este artigo apresenta resultados da aplicação de uma intervenção didático-pedagógica interdisciplinar para o Ensino de Química (EQ) através de perspectiva baseada na História da Ciência (HC), destacando-se a História da Química (HQ). Foi desenvolvido com alunos do Curso Médio Integrado ao Técnico em Química, no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo. Este trabalho faz parte da pesquisa de mestrado em andamento e caracteriza-se pela abordagem qualitativa.Este projeto possibilitou articular Química, Arte e História de forma contextualizada e coerente com propostas vigentes nos documentos que organizam a educação brasileira

Terapêuticas Promissoras para o Controle da Obesidade: uma Revisão Abrangente

This study examines promising therapeutics for obesity control, addressing a variety of innovative and integrated approaches. Initially, the potential of pharmacological therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, is highlighted, showcasing their effectiveness in weight reduction and improved glycemic control. Furthermore, the growing interest in interventions centered on the intestinal microbiota is emphasized, elucidating how manipulating bacterial composition can influence metabolism and contribute to weight loss. Another notable aspect is the role of metabolic modulation therapies, such as blood flow restriction during exercise, with evidence indicating improvements in neural reactivity to food stimuli in obese individuals. Following this, behavioral strategies and psychological therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and the promotion of healthy eating habits, are discussed as essential elements in the sustainable control of obesity over time. In addition to pharmacological approaches, microbiota modulation, and behavioral strategies, this study underscores the need for a holistic understanding of obesity. The importance of incorporating personalized interventions, considering genetic, metabolic, and socioeconomic factors influencing an individual's response to proposed therapeutics, is emphasized. Adopting a patient-centered approach, the study highlights the necessity for continuous care and support over time, acknowledging the complexity of obesity control. In this regard, the research emphasizes not only the effectiveness of therapeutics but also the need for an integrated and personalized approach to comprehensively address this health challenge. Finally, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized, integrating different therapeutics to optimize outcomes in obesity control. The combination of pharmacological interventions, microbiota modulation, behavioral strategies, and psychological support emerges as a comprehensive and promising approach to tackle this global health challenge.Este trabalho examina terapêuticas promissoras para o controle da obesidade, abordando uma variedade de abordagens inovadoras e integradas. Inicialmente, destaca-se o potencial das terapias farmacológicas, como os agonistas do receptor GLP-1 e os inibidores de SGLT-2, que demonstraram eficácia na redução de peso e melhor controle glicêmico. Além disso, enfoca-se o crescente interesse em intervenções centradas na microbiota intestinal, destacando como a manipulação da composição bacteriana pode influenciar o metabolismo e contribuir para a perda de peso. Outro ponto de destaque é o papel das terapias de modulação metabólica, como a restrição de fluxo sanguíneo durante o exercício, que apresenta evidências de melhorias na reatividade neural a estímulos alimentares em indivíduos obesos. Em seguida, são discutidas estratégias comportamentais e terapias psicológicas, incluindo a terapia cognitivo-comportamental e a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, como elementos essenciais no controle sustentável da obesidade ao longo do tempo. Além das abordagens farmacológicas, modulação microbiota e estratégias comportamentais, este trabalho enfatiza a necessidade de uma compreensão holística da obesidade. Destaca-se a importância de incorporar intervenções personalizadas, levando em consideração fatores genéticos, metabólicos e socioeconômicos que podem influenciar a resposta do indivíduo às terapêuticas propostas. Ao adotar uma abordagem centrada no paciente, o trabalho enfatiza a necessidade de um cuidado contínuo e suporte ao longo do tempo, reconhecendo a complexidade do controle da obesidade. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa destaca não apenas a eficácia das terapêuticas, mas também a necessidade de uma abordagem integrada e personalizada para enfrentar esse desafio de saúde de forma abrangente. Por fim, destaca-se a importância de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, integrando diferentes terapêuticas para otimizar os resultados no controle da obesidade. A combinação de intervenções farmacológicas, modulação microbiota, estratégias comportamentais e apoio psicológico emerge como uma abordagem abrangente e promissora para enfrentar esse desafio de saúde global

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions