Transporte aéreo y desarrollo en Brasil

El desarrollo de esta tesis se apoya sobre la hipótesis de que la apertura de nuevos frentes de colonización del territorio brasileño, más específicamente en Amazonía, y el desarrollo demográfico y económico de la misma, solamente ha sido posible gracias a la concurrencia del transporte aéreo, que ha propiciado “saltar” la tradicional continuidad territorial que caracteriza la colonización en frentes, particularmente importante en el caso de Brasil. Para demostrar la hipótesis planteada el trabajo propone el análisis del transporte aéreo en Brasil, valorando, en relación con el papel de otros sistemas de transporte (terrestres y fluviales) algunas de sus repercusiones en la ocupación y la vertebración del territorio en el país, y más específicamente en la región de la Amazonía brasileña. El objetivo final es entender cómo se organiza el sistema territorial brasileño en su conjunto, cuál ha sido el papel del transporte aéreo habida cuenta de la insuficiente presencia de comunicaciones superficiales. El trabajo permitirá responder a cuestiones tales como ¿en qué medida las ciudades amazónicas, y con ellas sus hinterlands; están conectadas, entre ellas y con las demás ciudades del país? ¿En qué momento entraron a formar parte del sistema de transporte aéreo general de Brasil y a qué lógica de ocupación territorial responde? ¿La presencia de aeropuertos y aeródromos en la Amazonia, y lo que ello significa en términos de accesibilidad, conectividad, intensidad de relación, centralidad, supone una oportunidad o una amenaza para el territorio?.

Destinos Turísticos: Diseño de fichas tipo interactivas y Guía Docente para su estudio

El proyecto tiene como objetivo, el diseño de fichas de destinos turísticos tipo, acompañadas de guías docentes, que sirvan de modelo para que los alumnos puedan trabajar de forma interactiva dentro y fuera del aula en la confección de otros ejemplos similares

Destinos Turísticos II: Diseño de fichas tipo interactivas y Guía Docente para su estudio

El proyecto tiene como objetivo, el diseño de fichas de destinos turísticos tipo, acompañadas de guías docentes, que sirvan de modelo para que los alumnos puedan trabajar de forma interactiva dentro y fuera del aula en la confección de otros ejemplos similares

Paisajes comerciales y turismo: Virtualización de casos de estudio para el aprendizaje autónomo del estudiante

El proyecto tiene como objetivo realizar casos de estudio de paisajes comerciales derivados/ generados por el turismo. Los ejemplos serán virtualizados y servirán de modelo para facilitar al profesorado y alumnado su utilización y consulta. El turismo es una de las actividades globales más importantes del mundo el cual supone una de las cinco mayores partidas de las exportaciones de servicios mundiales en la mayor parte de los países. El turismo transforma el espacio y da como resultado diferentes paisajes pero con características similares en cualquier lugar del mundo. Un ejemplo de ello en las repercusiones del turismo urbano en la transformación del paisaje de las grandes ciudades turísticas y este es uno de los aspectos que este proyecto pretende abordar. El proyecto se centrará en casos de estudio de la Comunidad de Madrid, para evitar posibles desplazamientos no permitidos actualmente debido a la situación actual de pandemia por COVID19. Los casos de estudio, serán discutidos por el equipo de investigación durante las primeras fases del proyecto, pero en principio se intentaría cubrir tipologías diferentes y entre ellos estarían: Las Rozas Village, Calles de Lujo, Gran Vía, la zona comercial del aeropuerto Madrid, el centro comercial , Xanadu, los mercados tradicionales, y los distritos de cooperación

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Precision measurement of the structure of the CMS inner tracking system using nuclear interactions

The structure of the CMS inner tracking system has been studied using nuclear interactions of hadrons striking its material. Data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded in 2015 at the LHC are used to reconstruct millions of secondary vertices from these nuclear interactions. Precise positions of the beam pipe and the inner tracking system elements, such as the pixel detector support tube, and barrel pixel detector inner shield and support rails, are determined using these vertices. These measurements are important for detector simulations, detector upgrades, and to identify any changes in the positions of inactive elements