Coordination and expertise foster legal textualism

This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-119791RA-I00; RTI2018-098882-B-I00), the Polish National Science Centre (2020/36/C/HS5/00111; 2017/25/N/HS5/00944), the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P1_179912), and the European Research Council (805498).Data, Materials, and Software Availability. Anonymized study data, analysis scripts, and stimuli (including translations) have been deposited in the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/yw8ek/)A cross-cultural survey experiment revealed a dominant tendency to rely on a rule’s letter over its spirit when deciding which behaviors violate the rule. This tendency varied markedly across (k = 15) countries, owing to variation in the impact of moral appraisals on judgments of rule violation. Compared with laypeople, legal experts were more inclined to disregard their moral evaluations of the acts altogether and consequently exhibited stronger textualist tendencies. Finally, we evaluated a plausible mechanism for the emergence of textualism: in a two-player coordination game, incentives to coordinate in the absence of communication reinforced participants’ adherence to rules’ literal meaning. Together, these studies (total n = 5,794) help clarify the origins and allure of textualism, especially in the law. Within heterogeneous communities in which members diverge in their moral appraisals involving a rule’s purpose, the rule’s literal meaning provides a clear focal point—an identifiable point of agreement enabling coordinated interpretation among citizens, lawmakers, and judges.European Research Council 805498Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung PZ00P1_179912Narodowe Centrum Nauki 2017/25/N/HS5/00944, 2020/36/C/HS5/00111Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2020-119791RA-I00, RTI2018-098882-B-I0

The typicality effect in basic needs

According to the so-called Classical Theory, concepts are mentally represented by individually necessary and jointly sufficient application conditions. One of the principal empirical objections against this view stems from evidence that people judge some instances of a concept to be more typical than others. In this paper we present and discuss four empirical studies that investigate the extent to which this ‘typicality effect’ holds for the concept of basic needs. Through multiple operationalizations of typicality, our studies yielded evidence for a strong effect of this kind: (1) Participants tended to recall the same core examples of the concept in a free-listing task. (2) They judged some basic needs to be more typical than others. (3) The items that were judged to be more typical were listed more frequently in the free-listing task. (4) These items were listed earlier on in the free-listing task. (5) Typical basic needs, as well as non needs, were classified faster than atypical basic needs in a reaction time study. These findings suggest that the concept of basic needs may have a non-classical (e.g., exemplar or prototype) structure. If so, the quest for a simple and robust intensional analysis of the concept may be futile.Austrian Science Fund (FWF)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science PE21001Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz (Start-Up Grant), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion PID2020-119791RA-I00Austrian Science Fund (FWF) P3316

Do Formalist Judges Abide By Their Abstract Principles? A Two‑Country Study in Adjudication

Piotr Bystranowski was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the H2020 European Research Council research and innovation program, grant agreement 805498 (preparing study 1). Piotr Bystranowski, Bartosz Janik, and Maciej Prochnicki were supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland, National Programme for the Development of Humanities, from the research Grant No. 0068/NPRH4/H2b/83/2016, obtained and carried out at Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (preparing study 2). We would like to express our gratitude to the National School of Judiciary and Public Prosecution in Poland for helping us with collecting data, as well as to Tomasz Zuradzki for comments on earlier drafts of the paper. This article has also benefited from the discussion at the Ethics Research Seminar organized by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics at Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland.Recent literature in experimental philosophy has postulated the existence of the abstract/concrete paradox (ACP): the tendency to activate inconsistent intuitions (and generate inconsistent judgment) depending on whether a problem to be analyzed is framed in abstract terms or is described as a concrete case. One recent study supports the thesis that this effect influences judicial decision-making, including decision-making by professional judges, in areas such as interpretation of constitutional principles and application of clear-cut rules. Here, following the existing literature in legal theory, we argue that the susceptibility to such an effect might depend on whether decision-makers operate in a legal system characterized by the formalist or particularist approach to legal interpretation, with formalist systems being less susceptible to the effect. To test this hypothesis, we compare the results of experimental studies on ACP run on samples from two countries differing in legal culture: Poland and Brazil. The lack of significant differences between those results (also for professional legal decision-makers) suggests that ACP is a robust effect in the legal context.European Research Council (ERC) European Commission 805498Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland 0068/NPRH4/H2b/83/201

Attitudes of European students towards family decision‑making and the harmonisation of consent systems in deceased organ donation: a cross‑national survey

Background: European countries are increasingly harmonising their organ donation and transplantation policies. Although a growing number of nations are moving to presumed consent to deceased organ donation, no attempts have been made to harmonise policies on individual consent and the role of the family in the decision-making process. Little is known about public awareness of and attitudes towards the role of the family in their own country and European harmonisation on these health policy dimensions. To improve understanding of these issues, we examined what university students think about the role of the family in decision-making in deceased organ donation and about harmonising consent policies within Europe. Methods: Using LimeSurvey© software, we conducted a comparative cross-sectional international survey of 2193 university students of health sciences and humanities/social sciences from Austria (339), Belgium (439), Denmark (230), Germany (424), Greece (159), Romania (190), Slovenia (190), and Spain (222). Results: Participants from opt-in countries may have a better awareness of the family’s legal role than those from opt-out countries. Most respondents opposed the family veto, but they were more ambivalent towards the role of the family as a surrogate decision-maker. The majority of participants were satisfied with the family’s legal role. However, those who were unsatisfied preferred to limit family involvement. Overall, participants were opposed to the idea of national sovereignty over consent policies. They favoured an opt-out policy harmonisation and were divided over opt-in. Their views on harmonisation of family involvement were consistent with their personal preferences. Conclusions: There is overall division on whether families should have a surrogate role, and substantial opposition to granting them sole authority over decision-making. If European countries were to harmonise their policies on consent for organ donation, an opt-out system that grants families a surrogate decision-making role may enjoy the widest public support.CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI

An experimental guide to vehicles in the park

Prescriptive rules guide human behavior across various domains of community life, including law, morality, and etiquette. What, specifically, are rules in the eyes of their subjects, i.e., those who are expected to abide by them? Over the last sixty years, theorists in the philosophy of law have offered a useful framework with which to consider this question. Some, following H. L. A. Hart, argue that a rule’s text at least sometimes suffices to determine whether the rule itself covers a case. Others, in the spirit of Lon Fuller, believe that there is no way to understand a rule without invoking its purpose — the benevolent ends which it is meant to advance. In this paper we ask whether people associate rules with their textual formulation or their underlying purpose. We find that both text and purpose guide people’s reasoning about the scope of a rule. Overall, a rule’s text more strongly contributed to rule infraction decisions than did its purpose. The balance of these considerations, however, varied across experimental conditions: In conditions favoring a spontaneous judgment, rule interpretation was affected by moral purposes, whereas analytic conditions resulted in a greater adherence to textual interpretations. In sum, our findings suggest that the philosophical debate between textualism and purposivism partly reflects two broader approaches to normative reasoning that vary within and across individuals.National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Municipios de Bogotá y Fusagasugá.

https://thpaovasmo.wixsite.com/diplomado-26El presente documento se desarrolla con el propósito formativo profesional para la titulación en piscología, el análisis de cada suceso con la comunidad víctima del conflicto armado, permitiendo a acceder a un contexto, teniendo la oportunidad de conocer sus necesidades en el afrontamiento de las consecuencias, físicas mentales y espirituales que haya quedado después de haber pasado por tan duras acciones experienciales. Donde la importancia de los líderes sociales y el buen desempeño del profesional en psicología logran un papel importante en la sociedad, por ser esas personas quienes pueden generan un cambio , movilizando las comunidades, trabajando mancomunadamente en coordinación con las instituciones del estado, resaltando el trabajo de liderazgo, en el empoderamiento de diferentes grupos de la comunidad, realizando trabajos incluyentes con toda la población de diferentes rasgos de religión, cultura, costumbres y tradiciones, destacando que se puede convivir en una sociedad multicultural donde se aporta habilidades que ayudan a mejorar diferentes problemáticas pero que también trae consigo una historia de conflictos muy similares, donde se destaca la resiliencia como la manera de sobrevivir, salir adelante y tener una mejor calidad de vida. Según lo anterior se pretende demostrar dentro del desarrollo de este trabajo, la importancia del rol del psicólogo dentro del contexto del conflicto armado, siendo este indispensable para facilitar la reconfiguración del tejido social que se vio afectado debido a la problemática de la guerra en Colombia a lo largo de los años, y produciendo a la psicología como una ciencia importante en la transición del país a una paz duradera y estable, en donde se pretende tener como base el perdón y la reconciliación, para así poder contribuir y mejorar las consecuencias desarrolladas por la problemática mencionada anteriormente, tales como la aparición de patologías psicológicas en las personas, y además de poder facilitar la reincorporación de todos los agentes involucrados en el conflicto armado a la sociedad nuevamente, brindando un apoyo terapéutico y un respaldo que le sirva a las personas para mejorar en su parte emocional, fisca y cognitiva, y a su vez originando una motivación y empoderamiento, para mejorar en el bienestar y la calidad de vida.This document is developed with the professional training purpose for the degree in Piscology, the analysis of each event with the community victim of the armed conflict, allowing access to a context, having the opportunity to know their needs in coping with the consequences, physical mental and spiritual that has remained after having gone through such hard experiential actions. Where the importance of social leaders and the good performance of the professional in psychology achieve an important role in society, because those people can generate change, mobilizing communities, working together in coordination with state institutions, highlighting the work of leadership, in the empowerment of different groups of the community, doing inclusive works with the whole population of different features of religion, culture, customs and traditions, highlighting that you can live in a multicultural society where you contribute skills that help improve different problematic but also brings with it a history of very similar conflicts, where resilience is highlighted as the way to survive, get ahead and have a better quality of life. According to the above, it is intended to demonstrate within the development of this work, the importance of the role of the psychologist within the context of the armed conflict, being this indispensable to facilitate the reconfiguration of the social fabric that was affected due to the problems of the war in Colombia. over the years, and producing psychology as an important science in the transition of the country to a lasting and stable peace, where it is intended to be based on forgiveness and reconciliation, in order to contribute and improve the consequences developed by the aforementioned problems, such as the appearance of psychological pathologies in people, and in addition to facilitating the reincorporation of all the agents involved in the armed conflict into society again, providing therapeutic support and support that serves the people to improve in its emotional, fiscal and cognitive part, and in turn or ignoring a motivation and empowerment, to improve the welfare and quality of life

Daily rhythms of intestinal cholecystokinin and pancreatic proteases activity in Senegalese sole juveniles with diurnal and nocturnal feeding

The influence of diurnal and nocturnal feeding on daily rhythms of gut levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) and the activity of two key pancreatic proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, were examined in juveniles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), a species with nocturnal habits. Four feeding protocols were performed: P1) One morning meal; P2) Six meals during the light period; P3) Six meals during the dark period; and P4) 12 meals during 24 h. Daily activity patterns of both proteases were remarkably similar and showed a high correlation in all the experimental protocols. In P1, daily patterns of CCK and digestive enzymes showed a single maximum. In P2, CCK levels exhibited two peaks. Digestive enzymes activities showed slightly delayed peaks compared to CCK, although their daily fluctuations were not significant. In P3, intestinal CCK concentration exhibited two peaks at the end of light and dark periods, but only the second one was significant. The first maximum level of chymotrypsin activity occurred 4 h after the first CCK peak, while the second one coincided with the second CCK peak. Fluctuations of trypsin activity were not significant. In P4, CCK concentration showed three small peaks. Digestive enzymes daily fluctuations were not significant, although they showed an inverted trend with respect to CCK. The daily pattern of the gut CCK content in our study is in agreement with the anorexigenic function of this hormone. Our results support the existence of a negative feedback regulatory loop between CCK and pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in Senegalese sole juveniles.acceptedVersio

Da Vinci robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: initial experience in 50 consecutive cases

Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloObjective: To report our initial experience in 50 cases submitted to a Robotic Radical Prostatectomy (RRP), evaluating results and the learning curve. Material and Methods: From january to october 2010 we performed 50 consecutives cases of RRP with the da Vinci S-HD Surgical System®. The database was performed prospectively, and was analyzed retrospectively. We evaluate demographic data (age, body mass index) and perioperative data such as clinical stage, preoperative PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen), Gleason Score, ASA, operative times, estimated blood loss, morbidity, hospital stay, time of bladder catheterization and positive margins. A statistical analysis of exponential regression was performed to estimate the learning curve. Results: The mean age was 62 years and the most frequent clinical stage was T1c (84%). The mean PSA was 6.36 ng/mL and in 50% of the patients the Gleason Score was 7. The median surgical time was 199 minutes. The mean blood loss was 666 mL (50-4.000 mL). The hospital stay and the average bladder catheterization time were 2 and 6 days, respectively. There were 2 conversions to a laparoscopic approach, none to open surgery, and 8% of postoperative complication (all Clavien 1). Inmediat urinary continence and potency rates were 88.3% and 33.3%, respectively. When comparing the 25 initial cases versus the last 25, there was a decrease in surgical time and estimated blood loss (254 minutes vs 189 minutes and 876 mL vs 467 mL, respectively). We also found a lower rate of positive margins (20% vs 12%). The learning curve statistically estimated is 40 procedures. Conclusion: The surgeon's experience determine a decrease in surgical time, intraoperative bleeding and especially in the rate of positive margins.Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia inicial en 50 casos de Prostatectomía Radical Robótica (PRR), evaluando resultados y curva de aprendizaje. Material y Métodos: Desde enero a octubre de 2010 se realizaron 50 PRR con el sistema da Vinci S-HD®. La base de datos fue confeccionada en forma prospectiva y se evaluaron en forma retrospectiva los datos demográficos (edad, índice de masa corporal), estadio clínico, valor de Antígeno Prostático Específico (APE), Score de Gleason, ASA, tiempos quirú;rgicos, sangrado estimado, complicaciones, estadía hospitalaria, tiempo de sonda vesical y tasa de márgenes positivos. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de regresión exponencial para estimar la curva de aprendizaje del método. Resultados: La edad media fue de 62 años y el estadio clínico más frecuente fue el T1c (84%). El valor medio de APE fue de 6,36 ng/mL. El score de Gleason en un 50% correspondió al 7 y la media del ASA a 2. La mediana del tiempo quirú;rgico fue de 199 minutos. El sangrado medio estimado fue de 666 mL (50-4.000 mL). La media de la estadía hospitalaria y el tiempo de sonda fueron de 2 y 6 días, respectivamente. Hubo 2 conversiones a cirugía laparoscópica, ninguna a cirugía abierta y un 8% de complicaciones postoperatorias (todas Clavien 1). La tasa de continencia y de potencia inmediata fue de 88,3% y 33,3%, respectivamente. Cuando comparamos los 25 casos iniciales versus los 25 finales hubo un descenso significativo en el tiempo quirú;rgico y sangrado estimado (254 minutos vs 189 minutos y 876 mL vs 467 mL, respectivamente). También encontramos una menor tasa de márgenes positivos en el grupo 2 (12% vs 20%). El análisis estadístico determinó la curva de aprendizaje en 40 procedimientos. Conclusión: Una mayor experiencia del cirujano, determina una disminución en los tiempos quirú;rgicos, sangrado intraoperatorio y sobre todo en la tasa de márgenes positivos.http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-40262011000600011&nrm=is

Thermal- and Light-Induced Spin-Crossover Characteristics of a Functional Iron(II) Complex at Submonolayer Coverage on HOPG

Studies on the spin-state switching characteristics of surface-bound thin films of spin-crossover (SCO) complexes are of interest to harness the device utility of the SCO complexes. Molecule–substrate interactions govern the SCO of surface-bound films in direct contact with the underlying substrates. In this study, we elucidate the role of molecule–substrate interactions on the thermal- and light-induced spin-state switching characteristics of a functional SCO-complex—[Fe(H2B(pz)2)2COOC12H25-bipy] (pz = pyrazole, C12-bpy = dodecyl[2,2′-bipyridine]-5-carboxylate) deposited at a submonolayer coverage on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. A spin-state coexistence of 42% low-spin (LS) and 58% high-spin (HS) is observed for the 0.4 ML deposit of the complex at 40 K, in contrast to the complete spin-state switching observed in the bulk and in SiOx-bound 10 nm thick films. Cooling the sample to 10 K results in a decrease of the LS fraction to 36%, attributed to soft-X-ray-induced excited spin-state trapping (SOXIESST). Illumination of the sample with a green light (λ = 520 nm) at 10 K caused the LS-to-HS switching of the remaining (36%) LS complexes, by a process termed light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST). The mixed spin-state in the submonolayer coverage of [Fe(H2B(pz)2)2COOC12H25-bipy] highlights the role of molecule–HOPG substrate interactions in tuning the thermal SCO characteristics of the complex. The 100% HS state obtained after light irradiation indicates the occurrence of efficient on-surface light-induced spin switching, encouraging the development of light-addressable molecular devices based on SCO complexes

Burnout among psychotherapists: a cross-cultural value survey among 12 European countries during the coronavirus disease pandemic.

The aim of this study was to examine cross-cultural differences, as operationalized by Schwartz's refined theory of basic values, in burnout levels among psychotherapists from 12 European countries during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We focused on the multilevel approach to investigate if individual- and country-aggregated level values could explain differences in burnout intensity after controlling for sociodemographic, work-related characteristics and COVID-19-related distress among participants. 2915 psychotherapists from 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Great Britain, Serbia, Spain, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and Switzerland) participated in this study. The participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, the revised version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, and a survey questionnaire on sociodemographic, work-related factors and the COVID-19 related distress. In general, the lowest mean level of burnout was noted for Romania, whereas the highest mean burnout intensity was reported for Cyprus. Multilevel analysis revealed that burnout at the individual level was negatively related to self-transcendence and openness-to-change but positively related to self-enhancement and conservation values. However, no significant effects on any values were observed at the country level. Male sex, younger age, being single, and reporting higher COVID-19-related distress were significant burnout correlates. Burnout among psychotherapists may be a transcultural phenomenon, where individual differences among psychotherapists are likely to be more important than differences between the countries of their practice. This finding enriches the discussion on training in psychotherapy in an international context and draws attention to the neglected issue of mental health among psychotherapists in the context of their professional functioning