284 research outputs found
Mixed insulating and conducting thermal boundary conditions in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection
A series of direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh-B\'enard convection, the
flow in a fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above, were conducted
to investigate the effect of mixed insulating and conducting boundary
conditions on convective flows. Rayleigh numbers between and
were considered, for Prandtl numbers and
. The bottom plate was divided into patterns of conducting and
insulating stripes. The size ratio between these stripes was fixed to unity and
the total number of stripes was varied. Global quantities such as the heat
transport and average bulk temperature and local quantities such as the
temperature just below the insulating boundary wall were investigated. For the
case with the top boundary divided into two halves, one conducting and one
insulating, the heat transfer was found to be approximately two thirds of the
fully conducting case. Increasing the pattern frequency increased the heat
transfer which asymptotically approached the fully conducting case, even if
only half of the surface is conducting. Fourier analysis of the temperature
field revealed that the imprinted pattern of the plates is diffused in the
thermal boundary layers, and cannot be detected in the bulk. With
conducting-insulating patterns on both plates, the trends previously described
were similar, however, the half-and-half division led to a heat transfer of
about a half of the fully conducting case instead of two-thirds. The effect of
the ratio of conducting and insulating areas was also analyzed, and it was
found that even for systems with a top plate with only conducting
surface, heat-transport of of the fully conducting case can be seen.
Changing the 1D stripe pattern to 2D checkerboard tessellations does not result
in a significantly different response of the system.Comment: Submitted to JF
Tratamiento farmacológico y deterioro de la función pulmonar en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2: Un estudio de corte transversal
Introduction: There is no clear relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and lung function decline; it is also unclear whether the type of treatment can modify spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Objectives: To compare pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an insulin-sensitizing agent (metformin) and in those treated with secretagogues, as well as combined with insulin, and to evaluate differences in inflammatory biomarkers between treatment groups. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytic study in 196 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers (ferritin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), were obtained. Residual values (observed minus expected) for forced vital capacity and for forced expiratory volume were calculated and compared between treatment types. Differences in median levels of biomarkers were also compared. Results: After adjustment by known determinants of lung function, and by the control and duration of type 2 diabetes, patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent had statistically significant lower differences against expected values for forced vital capacity compared with secretagogues (-212.1 ml vs 270.2 ml, p=0.039), as well as for forced expiratory volume, but without statistical significance (-133.2 mL vs -174.8 mL, p>0.05). In the group of patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent, ferritin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were lower (p less than 0.01). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that insulin-sensitizing agents appear to be associated with less deterioration of lung function and less systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes. The present study serves to formulate new hypothesis and research projects
Costos económicos de neumonÃa adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por Streptococcus pneumoniae en una población adulta que requirió hospitalización en Bogotá, Colombia
Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in adults is related to pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. Its care costs in adults are not well documented in Colombia and it has a greater impact in people over 45 years old.Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the associated costs of pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis in invasive S. pneumoniae infection in Colombia among hospitalized adults and to estimate outpatient costs for community-acquired pneumonia. Additionally, we wanted to serve as a starting point for future economic evaluations.Materials and methods: We performed a direct cost study associated with S. pneumoniae outpatient community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis costs confirmed by cultures. A cohort of hospitalized adults treated between January 2010 and June 2011 in three third level hospitals in Bogotá was analyzed. We evaluated 107 records and 60 bills charged to the payer. The data were classified according to care and treatment costs. We performed an estimate of direct costs for community-acquired pneumonia for outpatient cases through Delphi methodology using expert clinicians.Results: The average direct costs associated with pneumococcal disease were US 3,886, and US = Col 82.2 (Col 142 (Col 12’178.949, Col 9’242.806 para bacteriemia. La neumonÃa se presentó en 70 % de los hombres y 30 % de las mujeres; la meningitis se distribuyó igual en ambos sexos (50 %) y la bacteriemia se presentó en 67 % de los hombres y 33 % de las mujeres. El costo por adulto de la atención ambulatoria de la neumonÃa adquirida en la comunidad se estimó en Col 164.695.Conclusión. La enfermedad neumocócica en adultos, especialmente mayores de 45 años, representa un alto costo por el empleo de medicamentos y la estancia hospitalaria, que causan un impacto en los recursos del sistema. La prevención y el tratamiento temprano de las neumonÃas pueden disminuir costos y reducir la carga de enfermedad
Optimal Taylor-Couette flow: Radius ratio dependence
Taylor-Couette flow with independently rotating inner (i) and outer (o)
cylinders is explored numerically and experimentally to determine the effects
of the radius ratio {\eta} on the system response. Numerical simulations reach
Reynolds numbers of up to Re_i=9.5 x 10^3 and Re_o=5x10^3, corresponding to
Taylor numbers of up to Ta=10^8 for four different radius ratios {\eta}=r_i/r_o
between 0.5 and 0.909. The experiments, performed in the Twente Turbulent
Taylor-Couette (T^3C) setup, reach Reynolds numbers of up to Re_i=2x10^6$ and
Re_o=1.5x10^6, corresponding to Ta=5x10^{12} for {\eta}=0.714-0.909. Effective
scaling laws for the torque J^{\omega}(Ta) are found, which for sufficiently
large driving Ta are independent of the radius ratio {\eta}. As previously
reported for {\eta}=0.714, optimum transport at a non-zero Rossby number
Ro=r_i|{\omega}_i-{\omega}_o|/[2(r_o-r_i){\omega}_o] is found in both
experiments and numerics. Ro_opt is found to depend on the radius ratio and the
driving of the system. At a driving in the range between {Ta\sim3\cdot10^8} and
{Ta\sim10^{10}}, Ro_opt saturates to an asymptotic {\eta}-dependent value.
Theoretical predictions for the asymptotic value of Ro_{opt} are compared to
the experimental results, and found to differ notably. Furthermore, the local
angular velocity profiles from experiments and numerics are compared, and a
link between a flat bulk profile and optimum transport for all radius ratios is
reported.Comment: Submitted to JFM, 28 pages, 17 figure
Hemoglobin and B-type natriuretic peptide preoperative values but not inflammatory markers, are associated with postoperative morbidity in cardiac surgery : A prospective cohort analytic study
Introduction: Risk stratification in cardiac surgery significantly impacts outcome. This study seeks to define whether there is an independent association between the preoperative serum level of hemoglobin (Hb), leukocyte count (LEUCO), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and postoperative morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery.Methods: Prospective, analytic cohort study, with 554 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a tertiary cardiovascular hospital and followed up for 12 months. The cohort was distributed according to preoperative values of Hb, LEUCO, hsCRP, and BNP in independent quintiles for each of these variables.Results: After adjustment for all covariates, a significant association was found between elevated preoperative BNP and the occurrence of low postoperative cardiac output (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.53-7.80, p = 0.003) or postoperative atrial fibrillation (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.45-10.38). For the combined outcome (death/acute coronary syndrome/rehospitalization within 12 months), we observed an OR of 1.93 (95% CI 1.00-3.74). An interaction was found between BNP level and the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. The OR for non-diabetics was 1.26 (95% CI 0.61-2.60) and for diabetics was 18.82 (95% CI 16.2-20.5). Preoperative Hb was also significantly and independently associated with the occurrence of postoperative low cardiac output (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.81, p = 0.016). Both Hb and BNP were significantly associated with the lengths of intensive care unit and hospital stays and the number of transfused red blood cells (p < 0.002). Inflammatory markers, although associated with adverse outcomes, lost statistical significance when adjusted for covariates.Conclusions: High preoperative BNP or low Hb shows an association of independent risk with postoperative outcomes, and their measurement could help to stratify surgical risk. The ability to predict the onset of atrial fibrillation or postoperative low cardiac output has important clinical implications. Our results open the possibility of designing studies that incorporate BNP measurement as a routine part of preoperative evaluation, and this strategy could improve upon the standard evaluation in terms of reducing adverse postoperative events. © 2013 Hernández-Leiva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd
Optimización de parques de generación hÃbridos fotovoltaicos y eólicos conectados a la red.
Con este TFM se pretende evaluar un mejor aprovechamiento de puntos de conexión a la red existentes, mediante la hibridación eólica-fotovoltaica. Se evaluarán, para distintas localizaciones en España, distintas alternativas solo fotovoltaica, solo eólica o hÃbridas, optimizando el sistema. Se considerarán distintas localizaciones con datos representativos de recurso solar y eólico. Se considerarán los costes actuales de las distintas tecnologÃas y de la electricidad, realizando análisis de sensibilidad de las variables más importantes. Se obtendrán conclusiones acerca de la viabilidad de las distintas tecnologÃas dependiendo de los recursos renovables y de otras variables.<br /
Valores de referencia para parámetros de espirometrÃa en la población adulta residente en Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
Introduction. Reference values for pulmonary function parameters, generally applicable to most populations, have shown little validity in the correct interpretation of pulmonary function tests when applied to the adult population in Bogotá.Objective. To identify which of four prediction models generated for use in populations of a similar ethnic background to that found in Colombia is the most accurate for use in adults in Bogotá.Materials and methods. 534 subjects (male and female) between 18 and 65 years of age were recruited from a pool of workers employed by three private Bogotá companies. All subjects had resided in Bogotá for at least five years before the initiation of the study. Smokers and those with altered pulmonary function were excluded. Pulmonary function parameters were measured by flow volume curve. The results were analyzed (specifically, the difference between predicted and observed values) and the limits were calculated using the Bland & Altman method. A maximum average prediction error of 5% was accepted as valid for the observed value of each parameter.Results. The models shown to be valid were as follows: Crapo for forced vital capacity (FVC) in men; Pérez-Padilla for FVC in women and for the ratio forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1/FVC) in both sexes, and the Hankinson model for Mexican-Americans, for all parameters in both sexes.Conclusions. The Hankinson model proved to be the most accurate in predicting all spirometry parameters. However, its poor classification average (7%) is a limitation. In the future, new models with a better predictive accuracy will be required.Introducción. Los valores de referencia para parámetros de la función pulmonar aplicables a otras poblaciones, han mostrado ser poco válidos en la interpretación de las pruebas de función pulmonar en la población adulta residente en Bogotá.Objetivo. Identificar cuál de cuatro modelos de predicción generados en poblaciones con caracterÃsticas étnicas similares a la población colombiana, es el más adecuado para utilizar en adultos de Bogotá.Materiales y métodos. Se reclutaron 534 sujetos de ambos sexos entre los 18 y los 65 años de edad, no fumadores, libres de alteraciones pulmonares, trabajadores de tres empresas privadas y residentes en Bogotá por más de cinco años. La función pulmonar se midió por curva de flujo volumen. Se estimaron las diferencias observadas entre valores predichos y observados, y se calcularon los lÃmites por el método de Bland y Altman. Se aceptaron como válidos los modelos que presentaron un error de predicción promedio máximo de 5% del valor observado en cada parámetro.Resultados. Demostraron ser válidos en esta población los modelos: Crapo para capacidad vital forzada (CVF) en hombres; Pérez-Padilla, para CVF en mujeres y para la relación con el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1/CVF) en ambos grupos y los de Hankinson para mexicano-americanos para todos los parámetros en ambos sexos.Conclusiones. Los modelos de Hankinson demostraron ser los más adecuados para predecir todos los parámetros de la espirometrÃa; sin embargo, dejan un porcentaje de mala clasificación promedio de 7%. Se requiere generar modelos propios con mayor precisión pronóstica en la población de Bogotá
Estudio sobre la automedicación en una localidad de bogotá
Objetivos Establecer la prevalencia y condicionantes asociados al uso de medicamentos por cuenta propia por parte de los habitantes de Suba en Bogotá.Métodos Aplicación de una encuesta pilotada a una muestra aleatoria.  Se midieron variables demográficas y se indagó por problemas de salud relacionados con la automedicación, motivos para no consultar al médico y medicamentos consumidos durante las dos últimas semanasResultados La automedicación fue de 27,3 % (IC 95 %, 19,2 % - 35,3 %) y la autoprescripción de 7,7 % (IC 95%, 2,8 %-12,5 %). La afiliación al Sistema de beneficiarios de la Seguridad Social en Salud (OR=2,61 IC 95 % 1,4-4,8) está asociado con ésta conducta. No se encontró asociación con otras variables. Los medicamentos más consumidos por automedicación son analgésicos (59,3 %), antigripales (13,5 %) y vitaminas (6,8 %). Los principales problemas por los cuales las personas se automedican son dolor, fiebre y gripa. Las principales razones que se mencionan para no asistir al médico son falta de tiempo (40 %) y recursos económicos (43 %), además de otros argumentos como la percepción de que el problema es leve y la congestión en los servicios de urgencia.Conclusiones Las cifras de automedicación aunque todavÃa preocupantes desde el punto de vista de salud pública, son más bajas que las encontradas en estudios similares; los medicamentos consumidos por automedicación pertenecen a la categorÃa de venta libre y el consumo de antibióticos por automedicación bajó, posiblemente debido a la intensa difusión que se dio a la restricción de venta de antibióticos sin fórmula médica, unos meses antes de la realización de la encuesta
Test of Time Dilation Using Stored Li+ Ions as Clocks at Relativistic Speed
We present the concluding result from an Ives-Stilwell-type time dilation
experiment using 7Li+ ions confined at a velocity of beta = v/c = 0.338 in the
storage ring ESR at Darmstadt. A Lambda-type three-level system within the
hyperfine structure of the 7Li+ triplet S1-P2 line is driven by two laser beams
aligned parallel and antiparallel relative to the ion beam. The lasers' Doppler
shifted frequencies required for resonance are measured with an accuracy of < 4
ppb using optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy. This allows us to
verify the Special Relativity relation between the time dilation factor gamma
and the velocity beta to within 2.3 ppb at this velocity. The result, which is
singled out by a high boost velocity beta, is also interpreted within Lorentz
Invariance violating test theories
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