Correlation between the Periapical Index and Lesion Volume in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images

Introduction: The study aimed to correlate the Periapical Index (PAI), obtained by way of periapical radiographs, with the volume of chronic periapical lesion, obtained through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), in the permanent teeth. Methods and Materials: Radiographs and CBCT images were selected from 35 single-rooted permanent teeth, with fully formed apices, with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and chronic apical periodontitis that was radiographically visible. Two independent raters evaluated the radiographs on two separate occasions and classified the periapical lesions in accordance with Ørstavik’s PAI. The periapical lesion volume was calculated in the CBCT images. The correlation between the PAI and the lesion volume was calculated using Spearman’s correlation test. Results: There was a positive, moderate correlation between the PAI and the volume (rs=0.596; P<0.001) where rs2 is equal to 0.355, showing that only 35% of the PAI variation was dependent upon the variation in periapical lesion volume. Conclusion: The radiographic evaluation of the periapical lesion does not reflect the lesion’s volumetric characteristics as the volume had a moderate effect on the choice of PAI score.Keywords: Apical Periodontitis; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Endodontics; Periapical Radiograph

Occurrence of Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Artisan Goat Coalho Cheese in Northeastern Brazil

Background: The artisanal goat coalho cheese is one of the products obtained that stand out in 11 the dairy goat farming of the Northeast of Brazil. Despite its importance, goat cheese is often 12 made under inadequate hygienic-sanitary conditions and usually uses raw goat's milk, 13 increasing the risk of product contamination. Among the pathogens carried by goat coalho 14 cheese, Staphylococcus aureus stands out, being responsible for cases of food poisoning and 15 persistent infections that are difficult to treat. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination, 16 genotypic and phenotypic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from artisanal coalho 17 cheese made with goat milk produced in the Northeast region of Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: This study analyzed only artisanal coalho cheeses made with  raw goat's milk and purchased directly from farms. Twelve samples of artisanal coalho cheeses  made with raw goat's milk were collected (1 sample per property) in 8 municipalities in the  state of Pernambuco, Northeast region of Brazil. For microbiological analysis of enumeration  of Colony Forming Units (CFU/g) of Staphylococcus spp. the methodology recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (2019) and recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply was used. After enumeration, 5 colonies were selected per enumerated plate, a total of 180 Staphylococcus spp. was obtained. These were subjected to thermal extraction of genetic material to search for the nuc gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction, the isolates carrying the nuc gene were subjected to genotypic and phenotypic evaluation of  antimicrobial resistance. After the phenotypic analysis, the Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Index was evaluated. In all samples, Staphylococcus spp. and were considered unfit for consumption, with the lowest count being 9.4x103 CFU/g and the highest 6.4x106 CFU /g. Of the 180 isolates, 28.34% (51/180) were positive for the detection of the nuc gene. All resistance  genes except mecA, mecC, and norB were detected. Of the 51 S. aureus isolates, 31.37% (16/51) were considered multi-resistant and presented a Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Index above 0.2.Discussion: After microbiological analysis it was found that all samples of coalho cheese were out of standards and unfit for human consumption in accordance with Ordinance n° 146/1996 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil. Furthermore, the contamination of goat coalho cheeses is a risk to public health. During sample collection were found inadequate hygiene conditions in the environment used for cheese production. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus can be attributed to hygienic-sanitary failures in cheese production. From a health point of view, it is even more alarming when it comes to S. aureus carrying resistance genes. Although the 51 S. aureus isolates did not carry the mecA, mecC, norB genes and did not show phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin and oxacillin, all other genes were detected, indicating the circulation of S. aureus carrying the tet(L) genes, tet(M), tet-38, msrA, norA, and norC, which so far had not been reported in the production chain of goat coalho cheese in Brazil. Furthermore, the evaluation of the Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Index identified the occurrence of multiple resistance to antimicrobials in 31.37% (16/51) of S. aureus at high risk to human health. The results obtained are quite worrying and serve as a warning to the scientific community and the Food Safety and Hygiene Inspection Services.Keywords: goat cheese, contamination, resistance, one healt

Suppression of the Cycloidal Spin Arrangement in BiFeO₃ Caused by the Mechanically Induced Structural Distortion and Its Effect on Magnetism

Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO₃) particles are prepared by a combined mechanochemical−thermal processing of a Bi₂O₃ + α-Fe₂O₃ mixture. Structural, magnetic, hyperfine, morphological and chemical properties of the as-prepared BiFeO₃ are studied using X-ray diffraction (Rietveld refinement), ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It is revealed that the structure of the ferrite exhibits the long-range distortion (significantly tilted FeO₆ octahedra) and the short-range disorder (deformed FeO₆ octahedra). Consequently, these structural features result in the suppression of a space modulated cycloidal spin arrangement in the material. The latter manifests itself by the appearance of only single spectral component in the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectrum of BiFeO₃. The macroscopic magnetic behavior of the material is interpreted as a superposition of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic contributions with a large coercive field and remanent magnetization. Taking into account the average particle size of the as-prepared BiFeO₃ particles (∼98 nm), exceeding the typical period length of cycloid (∼62 nm), both the suppression of the spiral spin structure in the material and its partly ferromagnetic behavior are attributed to the crystal lattice distortion caused by mechanical stress during the preparation procedure

Ensaio sobre a página em branco: o processo de escrita acadêmica em Direito e seus bastidores – o que podemos aprender com a Literatura

Com a ascensão do produtivismo acadêmico, torna-se necessário ampliar os nossos níveis de compreensão sobre os bastidores do processo de escrita acadêmica em Direito. Analisando as condições psicossociais que pressupõem o ofício de escrever, podemos diagnosticar o modo como se constituem certos mecanismos patológicos, tais como o “self-handicapping”, a procrastinação e a síndrome do impostor, os quais tendem a se agravar sob os influxos do paradigma “publish or perish”. Para efeito de contraponto, levantamos um catálogo de estratégias e de arranjos singulares, construídos por escritores de Literatura e de Direito, com o objetivo de aprimorar as suas competências de autorregulação e de gestão do tempo, a fim de salvaguardar a qualidade de sua escrita <<mesmo que o tempo e a distância digam não>>

Labor relations as an indicator of social responsibility in the perception of employees at the Serra Talhada academic unit of the Federal rural University of Pernambuco

The emergence of the concept of sustainable development and social and environmental responsibility in organizations has evolved over time, from a view focused on the economic and legal aspects to a new stance of organizations that includes responsibility in labor relations or the social aspect. In this context of change, both private and public organizations have made efforts to contemplate labor relations in their daily practices and in the decisionmaking process. Public institutions, and within them, Higher Education Institutions (HEI),play a fundamental role in this aspect as a driving force in changing proactive behaviors in relation to their collaborators, in addition to having a training role externally, citizens or future entrepreneurs who have a more humane background and are committed to the quality of life in the work place. In this sense, this study aims to investigate the social responsibility practices contemplated in the management of the Serra Talhada Academic Unit of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UAST/UFRPE), from management and operational practices related to labor relations, besides knowing the perception of the servers about suchpractices. The research adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach and is configured forbeing applied and descriptive in nature. For data collection, questionnaires were used. As a result, it was possible to highlight the concern with the issue of labor relations by the institution since it is formally inserted in it’s management, even if in an embryonic way. However, the perception of the staff differs as to the institutional position regarding socialissues, especially regarding labor relations, suggesting the need for better dissemination of existing actions in UAST

Profile of milk consumers and determinants of A2A2 milk consumption in the Tocantins State

Atualmente, a indústria láctea diversifica produtos com propriedades organolépticas, dietéticas, funcionais e nutricionais em função de demandas do consumidor e do bem-estar. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o perfil dos consumidores, incluindo dados de consumo de leite, conhecimento e familiaridade com o leite A2A2 no estado do Tocantins. Foi realizado uma pesquisa qualitativa, através de questionário, com 389 pessoas distribuídas em 34 municípios no Tocantins. Em relação ao consumo de lácteos, 21,31% apresentam algum tipo de desconforto ao consumirem, e, 46,27% possuem um consumo semanal de um a dois litros, 28,28% entre dois a quatro litros e 25,45% com consumo superior a quatro litros, sendo o leite o principal produto lácteo consumido por 59,13% dos entrevistados. Dos entrevistados, 76,10% tem pouca ou nenhuma atenção às informações do rótulo contra 23,90% que possuem muita atenção, e 40,63% e 59,64% detinham ou não algum conhecimento sobre leite A2A2, respectivamente. Foi observado que 42,93% e 30,59% estariam dispostos a pagar mais de 10% ou mais de 50%, respectivamente, e 24,94% revelaram não pagar nenhum acréscimo sobre o valor para o leite A2A2. No entanto, a capacidade de consumo está diretamente ligada ao nível de conhecimento e familiaridade sobre leite A2A2, ou seja, pagar um valor adicional baixo demonstrou relação com consumidores que possuem conhecimento sobre, mas conhecem pouco esse produto, enquanto que pagar valores adicionais maiores esteve relacionado com entrevistados que ouviram falar e conhecem sobre o produto.The dairy industry diversifies products with organoleptic, dietary, functional, and nutritional properties according to consumer demands and welfare. This study aimed to examine the profile of consumers, data on milk consumption, knowledge, and familiarity with A2A2 milk in the Tocantins State, Brazil. A qualitative survey was carried out through a questionnaire applied to 389 people, distributed in 34 municipalities. Regarding the consumption of dairy products, 21.31% of participants described having some type of discomfort when consuming them. Among participants, 46.27% consumed one to two liters, 28.28% two to four liters, and 25.45% more than four liters per week. Milk was the main dairy product consumed, according to 59.13% of participants. Of all respondents, 76.10% pay little or no attention to the information on the label, versus 23.90% who did not. Regarding A2A2 milk, 40.36% possessed some knowledge about it, while 59.64% did not. 42.93% and 30.59% of participants stated they would be willing to pay over 10% or 50% more, respectively, whereas 24.94% would not pay any additional amount on the price of A2A2 milk. Willingness to pay a low additional amount was related to consumers who heard of, but knew little about this product, whereas the likelihood of paying higher additional amounts was associated with respondents who heard and know about the product

Facing a new enemy with old weapons : use of masks, hand and surface hygiene, isolation, social distance, quarantine and blocking to control covid-19

Após sua descrição inicial em dezembro de 2019, a infecção causada pelo SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, espalhou-se rapidamente pelo mundo, sendo classificada em março de 2020 como pandemia. Experiências de epidemias anteriores mostram que, de acordo com as características do agente etiológico, medidas não farmacológicas, como lavagem das mãos, higienização de superfícies, uso de máscaras, isolamento de casos confirmados, quarentena, distanciamento social e lockdown, são eficazes e fundamentais para evitar a propagação de doenças infecciosas. Informações sobre a forma de transmissão do vírus e sua dinâmica no organismo do hospedeiro permitem propor a adesão dessas estratégias. Ao avaliar evidências do uso dessas medidas no controle de doenças com dinâmica semelhante à causada pelo novo coronavírus, encontra-se embasamento para sua aplicação prática. Além disso, a experiência de outros países no enfrentamento a essa doença ao longo do ano 2020 corroboram ainda mais para a adoção dessas condutas. À luz da história mundial, das evidências científicas e das experiências de outros países, faz-se necessária a aplicação dessas estratégias no combate contra a Covid-19, enquanto as medidas complementares, como as vacinas, ainda não estão disponíveis de forma ampla para toda a população.After its initial description in December 2019, the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, spread rapidly around the world, being classified in March 2020 as a pandemic. Experiences from previous epidemics show that, according to the characteristics of the etiologic agent, non-pharmacological measures such as hand washing, surface cleaning, use of masks, isolation of confirmed cases, quarantine, social distance and lockdown, are effective and essential to avoid the spread of infectious diseases. Information on the form of transmission of the virus and its dynamics in the host organism, allow us to propose the adherence of these strategies. When evaluating evidence of the use of these measures in the control of diseases with dynamics similar to that caused by the new coronavirus, there is a basis for its practical application. In addition, the experience of other countries in tackling this disease throughout 2020, further corroborates the adoption of these conducts. In the light of world history, scientific evidence and the experiences of other countries, it is necessary to apply these strategies in the fight against Covid-19, while complementary measures, such as vaccines, are not yet widely available for all the population

Sustainable practices in a higher education institution: an approach to implementation difficulties in the Garanhuns academic unit of the Federal rural University of Pernambuco

Higher Education Public Institutions can be understood as major consumers of goods and services, in the case of Brazil. To lessen the negative impacts of their activities, these entities have a primary role in the dissemination and implementation of sustainable ideas in their administrative routines. Thus, this study investigated the main difficulties faced by public actors in adopting sustainable practices in their administrative routines. The case study methodology was used as methodological strategy, and the research was classified as descriptive, applied in nature and of qualitative approach. The unit of analysis chosen was the Garanhuns Academic Unit of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UAG/UFRPE).For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 servants representatives of strategic sectors of UAG/UFRPE. The data collected through the interviews were analyzed using content analysis. The results showed that the main difficulties in adopting sustainable practices in the workplace were administrative, budgetary and cultural, with the most critical obstacles being the lack of knowledge and training factors on sustainable actions and the scarcity of effective institutional policies. From these results, it is concluded that it is necessary to overcome these difficulties to implement effective sustainable management in the Unit

Profile of milk consumers and determinants of A2A2 milk consumption in the Tocantins State

The dairy industry diversifies products with organoleptic, dietary, functional, and nutritional properties according to consumer demands and welfare. This study aimed to examine the profile of consumers, data on milk consumption, knowledge, and familiarity with A2A2 milk in the Tocantins State, Brazil. A qualitative survey was carried out through a questionnaire applied to 389 people, distributed in 34 municipalities. Regarding the consumption of dairy products, 21.31% of participants described having some type of discomfort when consuming them. Among participants, 46.27% consumed one to two liters, 28.28% two to four liters, and 25.45% more than four liters per week. Milk was the main dairy product consumed, according to 59.13% of participants. Of all respondents, 76.10% pay little or no attention to the information on the label, versus 23.90% who did not. Regarding A2A2 milk, 40.36% possessed some knowledge about it, while 59.64% did not. 42.93% and 30.59% of participants stated they would be willing to pay over 10% or 50% more, respectively, whereas 24.94% would not pay any additional amount on the price of A2A2 milk. Willingness to pay a low additional amount was related to consumers who heard of, but knew little about this product, whereas the likelihood of paying higher additional amounts was associated with respondents who heard and know about the product