Análise de densidade linear para reparo ósseo em ratos utilizando radiografia digital direta

The objective of this study was to assess bone density measurements for analysis of repairing fractures in rats using direct digital radiography under Dexamethasone effects. Thirty (30) young adult male Wistar rats were used, with an average weight of 200g, which were submitted to general anesthetics by ethyl ether. One rib of each animal was fractured by surgical technique. The rats were divided into 2 groups, named Control group - intraperitoneal administration of saline solution 1 hour prior to operation, and Group 1: intraperitoneal administration of Dexamethasone 0.1mg/Kg of weight 1 hour prior to operation, and two postoperative doses every 12 hours. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 days. The parts containing the hemi-thorax with the fractured rib were removed and submitted to direct digital radiography, where the linear density of the two extremities of the fracture were analyzed by the Digora System. The results showed that in the control group and in Group 1 there was a gradual and significant increase in linear density. The method used made it feasible to supply data that were statistically significant in assessing the gain in bone density during the period of time analyzed. In conclusion, direct digital radiograph is useful for bone density analysis for fracture repairing. The dose of Dexamethasone was not sufficient to alter the gain in bone density at the extremities of fracture.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar densidade linear utilizando o sistema de radiografia digital direta intrabucal para verificar o ganho de densidade óssea em fraturas de ratos sob os efeitos da Dexametasona. Trinta (30) ratos Wistar machos, adultos jóvens de 200 g em média foram usados. Os animais foram submetidos á anestesia geral por inalação de éter etílico e 01 costela de cada animal foi fraturada através de técnica cirúrgica. Os ratos foram divididos em grupos de 03 repetições para cada grupo em cada período de tempo: Grupo Controle: administração intraperitoneal de soro fisiológico 01 hora antes da intervenção cirúrugica. Grupo 1: administração intraperitoneal de Dexametasona 0.1mg/Kg de peso 01 hora antes da intervenção e duas doses pós operatórias a cada 12 horas. Os animais foram sacrificados com 02, 03, 04, 07 e 14 dias. As partes contendo o hemi tórax da costela com a fratura foram removidas e submetidas aos raios x, onde as imagens foram analisadas através do sistema Digora. Os resultados mostraram que no grupo Controle e no Grupo 1 houve um ganho gradual na densidade linear. O método utilizado para análise forneceu dados estatisticamente significativos durante o período de tempo analisado. Assim concluimos que o método de radiografia dentária digital pode ser utilizado para análise de densidade linear de fraturas. As doses utilizadas de Dexametasona neste experimento não foram suficientes para alterar a densidade óssea no reparo de fraturas em ratos

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ГЕОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ПРИКОНТУРНЫХ ГРУНТОВЫХ СЛОЁВ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ТУННЕЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИМ МЕТОДОМ

Строительство подземных сооружений и туннелей является приоритетным направлением развития для крупных городов, поверхность которых плотно застроена постройками и объектами городской инфраструктуры. При анализе процессов возведения тоннелей закрытым способом строительства можно отметить, что технологии строительства тоннелей имеют ряд недостатков (повышенные расходы на материалы, высокую энергоёмкость и трудоёмкость, низкое качество уплотнения отделки и т.д.), которые существенно снижают технико-экономические показатели и эксплуатационные свойства сооружений

Ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico em atendimento de urgência

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess the frequency of dental anxiety and/or fear among patients in an emergency dental service. METHODS: Research was based on interviews with 252 patients, aged 18 years old and over, attended at an emergency dentistry service of São Paulo, Brazil, from August to November, 2001. Two methods were used to measure dental anxiety: the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and the Gatchel Fear Scale. The study group answered questions concerning major complaint, how much time had elapsed since their last visit to the dentist and since the initial symptoms leading to the current visit to the emergency service, level of education, family income and previous traumas. Statistical analysis (chi2 and Fisher exact test) was performed to evaluate these characteristics. RESULTS: It was found that 28.17% of this sample was dentally anxious, according to the MDAS, and 14.29%, felt fear related to dental treatment according to the Gatchel Fear Scale. Women were more anxious than men at a statistically significant rate (MDAS). The time elapsed since the onset of initial symptoms was more than 7 days for 44.44% of the participants. A large proportion of anxious women returned to treatment during the last year. A previous traumatic experience with dental was identified in 46.48% of the dentally anxious patients. No significant relation between level of education or income and dental anxiety was found. CONCLUSIONS: Dentally anxious patients frequent attend emergency care. Females are more likely to report high dental anxiety than males. Previous experience seems to be an important factor contributing to avoidance of dental care.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a freqüência de pacientes com ansiedade ou medo do tratamento odontológico em um setor de urgência. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 252 pacientes, com 18 anos ou mais, que compareceram ao setor de urgência de uma faculdade de odontologia, de São Paulo, SP, entre agosto e novembro de 2001. Para avaliar a ansiedade, foram utilizadas a Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), e a Escala de Medo de Gatchel. O grupo estudado respondeu a questões sobre: tempo decorrido desde a última visita ao dentista e desde o início dos sintomas, escolaridade, renda familiar e história prévia de trauma. Os resultados foram analisados pelos testes estatísticos (chi2 e Teste Exato de Fisher). RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 28,2% de indivíduos com algum grau de ansiedade, segundo a MDAS, na qual as mulheres foram consideradas mais ansiosas que os homens (chi2=0,01); e 14,3% de pacientes com alto grau de medo segundo a Escala de Medo de Gatchel. Em 44,4% da amostra a demora para procura de alívio dos sintomas foi >; sete dias. Mulheres ansiosas procuraram atendimento mais rapidamente e em maior número. Experiência traumática anterior ocorreu em 46,5% dos pacientes ansiosos. Não foi possível relacionar escolaridade e renda familiar com ansiedade e/ou medo. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes ansiosos, com destaque para as mulheres, são freqüentes no atendimento odontológico de urgência. Experiência prévia traumática mostrou-se importante para o desenvolvimento da ansiedade em relação ao atendimento odontológico

Análise quantitativa da remoção de esmalte dental durante a técnica de microabrasão

Objetivo: Quantificar, por meio de perfilometria, a profundidade de esmalte dental removido durante o emprego de uma técnica de microabrasão utilizando-se ácido clorídrico e abrasão manual com espátula plástica. Método: Trinta e seis espécimes obtidos de terceiros molares humanos foram polidos, para obtenção de superfícies planas, e divididos em 3 grupos (n = 12) de acordo com os diferentes tratamentos recebidos: tratamento placebo com água deionizada, como controle negativo (CG); microabrasão com ácido clorídrico a 6.6%, OpalustreTM (G1); e ácido clorídrico a 6%, Whiteness RMTM (G2). A microabrasão foi realizada, de forma padronizada, submetendo os espécimes a 4 ciclos de 10 segundos cada e abrasão manual utilizando-se uma espátula plástica com carga de 200 g. A perda da superfície de esmalte foi medida após cada um dos ciclos de tratamento por meio de perfilômetro de contato. Resultados: Após os primeiros 10 segundos de abrasão, já foi encontrada perda de esmalte em ambos os grupos tratados (G1 e G2). Nos grupos G1 e G2, a cada ciclo de 10 segundos, foi observado um aumento significativo na perda de esmalte (p ≤ 0.05). Após 4 abrasões de 10 segundos cada, as médias de perda de esmalte nos grupos tratados foram 46.04 μm (G1) e 54.65 μm (G2). Foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre G1 e G2 com relação à perda de esmalte após 30 e 40 segundos de microabrasão. Relevância: Os resultados deste estudo fornecem referências para a realização do procedimento de microabrasão em esmalte dental com segurança, utilizando-se ácido clorídrico e abrasão manual com espátula plástica.Objective: To quantify, by means of profi lometry, the removal of dental enamel during the use of a microabrasion technique involving the use of hydrochloric acid and manual abrasion with a plastic spatula. Method: Thirty six specimens obtained from human third molars were polished to obtain fl at surfaces and divided into 3 groups (n = 12) according to the different treatments received: A placebo treatment with deionized water as a negative control (CG); microabrasion with 6.6% hydrochloric acid, OpalustreTM (G1); and microabrasion with 6% hydrochloric acid, Whiteness RMTM (G2). The microabrasion was performed in a standardized manner by submitting the specimens to 4 cycles of 10 seconds each and manual abrasion using a plastic spatula (200 g load). The loss of enamel surface was measured after each cycle of treatment by contact profi lometry. Results: Enamel loss was already observed after the fi rst 10 seconds of abrasion with hydrochloric acid in both treated groups (G1 and G2). After 4 abrasions of 10 seconds each, the average fi nal enamel losses in the treated groups were 46.04 μm (G1) and 54.65 μm (G2). In the G1 and G2 groups, a signifi cant increase in enamel wear was detected in each cycle in comparison to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). A signifi cant difference in enamel loss between G1 and G2 was found after 30 and 40 seconds of microabrasion. Relevance: The results of this study provide objective data for safely performing the microabrasion technique on dental enamel using hydrochloric acid and manual abrasion using a plastic spatula

Análise de densidade linear para reparo ósseo em ratos utilizando radiografia digital direta

The objective of this study was to assess bone density measurements for analysis of repairing fractures in rats using direct digital radiography under Dexamethasone effects. Thirty (30) young adult male Wistar rats were used, with an average weight of 200g, which were submitted to general anesthetics by ethyl ether. One rib of each animal was fractured by surgical technique. The rats were divided into 2 groups, named Control group - intraperitoneal administration of saline solution 1 hour prior to operation, and Group 1: intraperitoneal administration of Dexamethasone 0.1mg/Kg of weight 1 hour prior to operation, and two postoperative doses every 12 hours. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 days. The parts containing the hemi-thorax with the fractured rib were removed and submitted to direct digital radiography, where the linear density of the two extremities of the fracture were analyzed by the Digora System. The results showed that in the control group and in Group 1 there was a gradual and significant increase in linear density. The method used made it feasible to supply data that were statistically significant in assessing the gain in bone density during the period of time analyzed. In conclusion, direct digital radiograph is useful for bone density analysis for fracture repairing. The dose of Dexamethasone was not sufficient to alter the gain in bone density at the extremities of fracture.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar densidade linear utilizando o sistema de radiografia digital direta intrabucal para verificar o ganho de densidade óssea em fraturas de ratos sob os efeitos da Dexametasona. Trinta (30) ratos Wistar machos, adultos jóvens de 200 g em média foram usados. Os animais foram submetidos á anestesia geral por inalação de éter etílico e 01 costela de cada animal foi fraturada através de técnica cirúrgica. Os ratos foram divididos em grupos de 03 repetições para cada grupo em cada período de tempo: Grupo Controle: administração intraperitoneal de soro fisiológico 01 hora antes da intervenção cirúrugica. Grupo 1: administração intraperitoneal de Dexametasona 0.1mg/Kg de peso 01 hora antes da intervenção e duas doses pós operatórias a cada 12 horas. Os animais foram sacrificados com 02, 03, 04, 07 e 14 dias. As partes contendo o hemi tórax da costela com a fratura foram removidas e submetidas aos raios x, onde as imagens foram analisadas através do sistema Digora. Os resultados mostraram que no grupo Controle e no Grupo 1 houve um ganho gradual na densidade linear. O método utilizado para análise forneceu dados estatisticamente significativos durante o período de tempo analisado. Assim concluimos que o método de radiografia dentária digital pode ser utilizado para análise de densidade linear de fraturas. As doses utilizadas de Dexametasona neste experimento não foram suficientes para alterar a densidade óssea no reparo de fraturas em ratos.31732

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat