Construcción y fuentes utilizadas para los términos médicos en el Diccionario de Autoridades

[ES]El llamado Diccionario de Autoridades sirvió como modelo a la mayor parte de los diccionarios españoles durante más de dos siglos, desde que fuera publicado a mediados del XVIII. Este trabajo, que forma parte de uno más amplio sobre los términos relacionados con la medicina en los diccionarios españoles del siglo XVIII, pretende servir para aclarar algunos detalles referentes a la historia de ese diccionario y, de un modo concreto, a la de las fuentes utilizadas en su confección y a la del método seguido para realizarlo. Con los datos que presentamos intentamos contribuir al tratamiento de esta área particular del léxico que es la de los términos médicos pero, además,creemos pueden servir para revisar algunas ideas que circulan sobre la manera de cómo se construye el primer diccionario académico

Reseñas

Obra ressenyada: Isabelle BOEHM et Nathalie ROUSSEAU (dirs.), L'expressivité du lexique médical en Grèce et à Rome. Hommages à Françoise Skoda. Paris: Presses de l'université Paris-Sorbonne, 2014

Fuentes lexicográficas para la historia de la alimentación y del fraude alimentario en la España del siglo XIX

La "nueva" historia de la alimentación, que desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX avanza con paso firme hasta la actualidad, ha ido incorporando enfoques, métodos de trabajo y fuentes, a la vez que diversificando sus centros de interés. En ese camino, lo que se relaciona con el fraude alimentario en el pasado —particularmente en la centuria decimonónica, en que adquirió gran magnitud— solo en épocas relativamente recientes ha logrado captar la atención de algunos investigadores, sin alcanzar todavía excesiva resonancia en el caso concreto de España. Entre las fuentes que se manejan para acercarse al problema señalado no suelen encontrarse los diccionarios generales de medicina ni tampoco los de falsificaciones de sustancias publicados en español durante el siglo XIX, a pesar de albergar gran cantidad de información al respecto. Con este trabajo pretendemos dar a conocer este tipo de obras, el contexto en que surgieron y algunas muestras de su contenido. La presentación de estos textos y los ejemplos de que nos serviremos tratarán de poner de manifiesto su utilidad en la reconstrucción de la historia del fraude alimentario, pero también la de otros aspectos de la historia de la alimentación.The new history of food, which began in the last decades of the 20th century and continues to gain in strength, increasingly contributes novel approaches, working methods and sources to its field of study and diversifies its areas of interest. In this line, what was known as food fraud in the past (particularly in the 19th century, when its scale was truly  arge) has only attracted the interest of researchers in relatively recent times and has had little impact, especially in the case of Spain. Among the sources used to approach this issue, it is not usual to find general dictionaries of medicine or dictionaries of substance forgeries published in Spanish during the 19th century, although they contain considerable relevant information. The aim of the present paper is to describe the context of these works and provide examples of their content. The texts reproduced and the examples given allow us to demonstrate their usefulness in the history of food fraud and other aspects of food history.La "nueva" historia de la alimentación, que desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX avanza con paso firme hasta la actualidad, ha ido incorporando enfoques, métodos de trabajo y fuentes, a la vez que diversificando sus centros de interés. En ese camino, lo que se relaciona con el fraude alimentario en el pasado —particularmente en la centuria decimonónica, en que adquirió gran magnitud— solo en épocas relativamente recientes ha logrado captar la atención de algunos investigadores, sin alcanzar todavía excesiva resonancia en el caso concreto de España. Entre las fuentes que se manejan para acercarse al problema señalado no suelen encontrarse los diccionarios generales de medicina ni tampoco los de falsificaciones de sustancias publicados en español durante el siglo XIX, a pesar de albergar gran cantidad de información al respecto. Con este trabajo pretendemos dar a conocer este tipo de obras, el contexto en que surgieron y algunas muestras de su contenido. La presentación de estos textos y los ejemplos de que nos serviremos tratarán de poner de manifiesto su utilidad en la reconstrucción de la historia del fraude alimentario, pero también la de otros aspectos de la historia de la alimentación

El futuro del español como lengua de la Medicina

El lenguaje español de la medicina, que ha pasado por diversas etapas desde la aparición de los primeros textos médicos en castellano a finales del Medievo hasta la actualidad, se encuentra en una tesitura difícil, a pesar del número de hablantes con que cuenta. En este trabajo intentamos, por una parte, analizar algunas de las causas que han desencadenado y están perpetuando esa situación y, por otra, tratamos de resaltar los medios de que todavía dispone el español para seguir siendo en el futuro una lengua apta para los intercambios especializados.The Spanish medical language has gone through different stages since the publication of the first medical texts in Spanish at the end of the Middle Ages up to today and finds itself nowadays in a difficult position despite the high number of Spanish speakers all around the world. In this paper we aim at, on the one hand, analyzing some of the reasons that have led to and are still responsible for this situation and, on the other hand, we try to highlight the means that Spanish language can count on in order to continue to be a language suitable for communication among specialists in the future

Influence of Organic Enrichment and Spisula subtruncata (da Costa, 1778) on Oxygen and Nutrient Fluxes in Fine Sand Sediments

[EN] The role of labile organic material and macrofaunal activity in benthic respiration and nutrient regeneration have been tested in sublittoral fine sand sediments from the Gulf of Valencia (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Three experimental setups were made using benthic chambers. One experiment was performed in-situ through the annual cycle in a well-sorted fine sand community. The remaining experiments were carried out with mesocosms under laboratory conditions: one with different concentrations of organic enrichment (mussel meat and concentrated diatoms culture), and the other adding two different densities of the endofaunal bivalve Spisula subtruncata. Biochemical variables in surface sediment and changes in oxygen consumption and nutrient fluxes throughout incubation period were studied in each experiment. In the in situ incubations, dissolved oxygen (DO) fluxes showed a strong correlation with sedimentary biopolymeric fraction of organic carbon. Organic enrichment in the laboratory experiments was responsible for increased benthic respiration. However, sediment response (expressed as DO uptake and dissolved inorganic nitrogen—DIN—release) between oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions was more intense than between eutrophic and hypertrophic conditions. S. subtruncata abundances close to 400 and 850 ind m−2 also intensified benthic metabolism. DO uptake and DIN production in mesocosms with added fauna were between 60 and 75 % and 65–100 % higher than in the control treatment respectively. The results of these three experiments suggest that the macrobenthic community may increase the benthic respiration by roughly a factor of two in these bottoms, where S. subtruncata is one of the dominant species. Both organic enrichment and macrobenthic community in general, and S. subtruncata in particular, did not seem to have a relevant role in P and Si cycles in these sediments.This research was supported by the Conselleria d'Educacio (Generalitat Valenciana). We are very grateful for the valuable comments of anonymous reviewers on previous version of the manuscript.Sospedra, J.; Falco, S.; Morata, T.; Rodilla, M. (2016). Influence of Organic Enrichment and Spisula subtruncata (da Costa, 1778) on Oxygen and Nutrient Fluxes in Fine Sand Sediments. Estuaries and Coasts. doi:10.1007/s12237-016-0174-1SAller, R.C., and J.Y. Aller. 1998. The effect of biogenic irrigation intensity and solute exchange on diagenetic reaction rates in marine sediments. Journal of Marine Research 56: 905–936.Aminot, A., and M. Chaussepied. 1983. Manuel des analyses chimiques en milieu marin. Brest: Centre National pour l’Exploitation des Oceans.Arnosti, C., and M. Holmer. 2003. 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The Collapse of a Wedge Clam Fishery in the Spanish Mediterranean Coast and Recovery Problems

[EN] In the sandy shores of the Spanish Mediterranean, Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) has a high commercial interest. In the Gulf of Valencia, poor management of fishing activity led to its closure in June 2015. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of the catches of D. trunculus before the closure of the fishery as well as the biomass and density of the population in the months following the closure, plus 2 y later. The area of study was located in the main fishing area of the Gulf of Valencia, which belongs to the fleet of the Gandia Fishermen's Guild. The fishing beds for this clam are found on sandy sediments in shallow waters (between 0 and 2 m). During the 10 y previous to the fishery closure, the annual catch per unit effort of D. trunculus suffered a sharp decrease, falling from values between 37 and 42 (kg small vessel(-1) d(-1)) during the period 2004-2008 to 5.5 in 2014. After the closure, the biomass and density of the wedge clam showed a seasonal pattern, with maximum values in summer, as well as notable differences in densities along the shore in each sampled month. Furthermore, a different size-frequency distribution across depth, with smaller individuals in the shallower areas, was observed. Nevertheless, a general and considerable decline for biomass and density from 2015 (monthly mean of commercial biomass ranged from 24 to 48 kg ha(-1)) to 2017 (from 4 to 13 kg ha-1) was noted. This indicates that the closure did not improve the state of the population. There are several hypotheses that could explain this decline such as overfishing, changes in environmental conditions, higher predation (in benthic and planktonic phases), and the reduction of food availability. Therefore, there would be a need to study them in greater depth, as well as to increase the understanding of the spatial dynamics and connectivity of the Donax beds.Escriva, J.; Rodilla, M.; Llario, F.; Falco, S. (2021). The Collapse of a Wedge Clam Fishery in the Spanish Mediterranean Coast and Recovery Problems. Journal of Shellfish Research. 40(1):37-47. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.040.0105S374740