Recuperación de la experiencia docente para la optimización de la enseñanza del psicólogo en la FES Iztacala

Nuestra facultad en particular y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en general, esta pasando por una etapa de cambios sustanciales, como es el caso del proceso de recambio de la población docente en edad de jubilación y paralelamente la actualización y replanteamiento de los planes de estudio de las distintas carreras. Con este telón de fondo el presente trabajo recupera el discurso de los profesores de psicología en torno a los fines de la formación disciplinar, las características de la enseñanza y sus juicios en torno a las técnicas de enseñanza-aprendizaje pertinentes en los alumnos del pregrado, con la finalidad de no perder la experiencia acumulada en años de trabajo docente y poder mantenerla en el diseño de los nuevos planes de estudio.Eje temático: Enseñanza de la psicologíaFacultad de Psicologí

Recuperación de la experiencia docente para la optimización de la enseñanza del psicólogo en la FES Iztacala

Nuestra facultad en particular y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en general, esta pasando por una etapa de cambios sustanciales, como es el caso del proceso de recambio de la población docente en edad de jubilación y paralelamente la actualización y replanteamiento de los planes de estudio de las distintas carreras. Con este telón de fondo el presente trabajo recupera el discurso de los profesores de psicología en torno a los fines de la formación disciplinar, las características de la enseñanza y sus juicios en torno a las técnicas de enseñanza-aprendizaje pertinentes en los alumnos del pregrado, con la finalidad de no perder la experiencia acumulada en años de trabajo docente y poder mantenerla en el diseño de los nuevos planes de estudio.Eje temático: Enseñanza de la psicologíaFacultad de Psicologí

Orientaciones específicas para la incorporación de tecnología en procesos de formación de profesores de Ciencias Naturales, Lenguaje y Comunicación, y Matemáticas en contextos de diversidad para el diseño de secuencias de enseñanza aprendizaje

Las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) se han transformado en un elemento de innovación dentro del conocimiento humano. Aplicadas directamente a la disciplina académica, las TIC se han ganado un espacio debido al creciente interés de este tipo de herramientas por parte de los docentes. No obstante, al día de hoy, en Latinoamérica el uso de TIC no es masivo. Su implementación aún está en una etapa inicial, y esto es debido a diversos factores. Algunos tienen que ver con el poco seguimiento que se realiza al implementar este tipo de tecnologías en las instituciones educativas; la limitada formación es una debilidad. En una escuela, el profesor que no ha sido preparado adecuadamente en el uso de TIC difícilmente logrará utilizarlas adecuadamente, y sus metodologías de aula serán, probablemente, idénticas a las que existían previas a su implementación. Existe una gran diferencia entre conocer una herramienta y dominarla; el dominio se logra, por ejemplo, al conocer las ventajas y desventajas que posee una herramienta determinada en conexión directa con los contenidos y las necesidades de los estudiantes. El dominio de las TIC otorga al docente de aula la posibilidad de tomar decisiones que tiendan a la efectividad del proceso educativo, puesto que las TIC no son solo un conjunto de herramientas, sino que, además, son orientables hacia un área u otra dependiendo de factores variables propios del proceso. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto anterior, este documento contiene algunas orientaciones para el uso del material desarrollado en el área de Ciencias Naturales, Lenguaje y Comunicación, y Matemáticas del Proyecto ALTER-NATIVA, el cual va dirigido a la formación de profesores que atienden poblaciones en contexto de diversidad con incorporación de las TIC. Es importante anotar que las actividades que se proponen son una posibilidad distinta de asumir la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales, lo cual a su vez implica reflexión y evaluación constante de la práctica de los docentes de esta área; que los compromete también con los desarrollos tecnológicos actuales, lo cual conlleva analizar y canalizar sus esfuerzos para diseñar y gestionar mecanismos que permitan la incorporación de las TIC en sus prácticas, pues se considera que estas posibilitan colaborar en la construcción de mundos posibles cercanos a los ideales de participación, igualdad y equidad (Alter -nativa , 2012). Estas orientaciones específicas tienen un doble propósito: primero, cobijan algunas recomendaciones, las cuales son una propuesta de uso para aprovechar al máximo el material que se propone en el estudio de las Ciencias Naturales, Lenguaje y Comunicación, y Matemáticas, para las poblaciones objeto de estudio. Para el desarrollo de las actividades planteadas es necesario que los estudiantes para profesor y profesores de escuelas, colegios y universidades de las áreas de Ciencias Naturales, Lenguaje y Comunicación, y Matemáticas, como posibles usuarios de este material, las perciban como un recurso que tiene un potencial y que, para su desarrollo, se hace necesario tener presente el diseño y estructura didáctica, los objetivos temáticos, la infraestructura, los recursos tecnológicos, las necesidades y características de las poblaciones con quien se vaya a utilizar, entre otros aspectos. Y segundo, estas orientaciones tienen como propósito ofrecer elementos para la formación de profesores de Ciencias Naturales, Lenguaje y Comunicación, y Matemáticas en su acción pedagógica y didáctica; se involucran las prácticas profesionales de diseño y elaboración de objetos didácticos y de los objetos virtuales de aprendizaje (OVA) como casos específicos de estos. Tomando como referencia lo anterior, se plantea como objetivos central de este texto el presentar algunas orientaciones que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora incorporar TIC en la formación de profesores de Ciencias Naturales, Lenguaje y Comunicación, y Matemáticas. De igual forma, unos objetivos específicos serían los siguientes: a) Establecer unas orientaciones que sean consideradas a la hora de usar los recursos virtuales como los Objetos Virtuales de aprendizaje (OVA) que fueron diseñados como parte del proyecto ALTER-NATIVA en el área de ciencias naturales, lenguaje y matemáticas. b) Favorecer el aprendizaje de las ciencias naturales, lenguaje y matemáticas en las poblaciones objeto de estudio a través del uso de las TIC. c) Resaltar la importancia que tiene el uso de las TIC para concebir el aprendizaje como un sistema de interacción y no como transmisión de información solamente. d) Aportar a la reflexión y formación de docentes con una cultura tecnológica que les permita afrontar su labor pedagógica y didáctica en ámbitos de diversidad. e) Proporcionar unos elementos teóricos y de uso de las TIC que les admita la planeación, el diseño, desarrollo, uso y evaluación de objetos virtuales u OVA dentro de un ambiente virtual de aprendizaje

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Competencias en Investigación desarrolladas por un grupo de estudiantes de Enfermería.

Resumen:Para demostrar un dominio de competencias hay que combinar una buena calificación, más un buen comportamiento social, más trabajar en equipo, más tener iniciativa, más asumir riesgos y además un empeño personal (saber ser); aquí se destaca la capacidad de comunicarse, de afrontar y solucionar conflictos. Académicamente se espera que un estudiante sea capaz de demostrar lo que aprendió después de haber completado un programa.La investigación se realizó en un grupo de estudiantes de Enfermería de la FESI UNAM.  Su Plande Estudios (2006) plantea roles de investigador que deben desarrollar.Los módulos de Metodología de la Investigación e Investigación en Enfermería dan las herramientas para elaborar un proyecto de investigación y su reporte. El aprendiz deberá desarrollar competencias tales como: observación, lectura, expresión, creatividad, rigor, socialización, construcción, estrategia, problematizar y realizar el trabajo con normas éticas.Es una investigación cuantitativa, no experimental, exploratoria, descriptiva, comparativa y transversal. Se midieron exposiciones escritas y orales, se cruzaron con la información declarativa aportada por las y los estudiantes sobre sus propias debilidades.Se aplicaron tres exámenes a lo largo del semestre. Se empleó estadística descriptiva e inferencial paramétrica de diferencia de dos medias independientes. Con validez de criterio externo y confiabilidad test-retest. Hubo una diferencia significativa del 99% entre el inicio del curso y las competencias que desarrollaron al estudiar el módulo. El 100% de los equipos adquirió competencias en investigación. Palabras clave: Competencias, Investigación, EnfermeríaAbstract:In order to demonstrate a dominion of competitions it has to combine a good qualification, plus social good behavior, to work more in equipment, to have initiative more, to assume risks more and in addition a personal persistence (knowledge to be); here the capacity stands out to communicate, to confront and to solve conflicts. One hopes that a student is able to demonstrate what learned after to have completed a program.The investigation was made in a group of students of Infirmary of FESI UNAM.Their Curriculum (2006) raises investigator rolls that must develop. The modules of Methodology of the Investigation and Investigation in Infirmary give the tools to elaborate a project of investigation and its report.The apprentice will have to develop the competitions of: observation, reading, expression, creativity, rigor, socialization, construction, strategy, to solve a problem and, accomplishment of the work with ethical norms. It is quantitative, nonexperimental, exploratory, comparative and cross-sectional an investigation.Written exhibitions were moderate and oral, they were crossed the declaratory information contributed by and the students on its own weaknesses. Three examinations to long it of the semester were applied. Descriptive and inferencial statistic of difference of two independent averages was used parametric. With validity of external criterion and trustworthiness test-retest.There was one differentiates significant  from 99% between the beginning of the course and the competitions that developed when studying the module. The 100% of the equipment acquired competitions in investigation. Key words:Competitions, Investigation, Infirmar

Development and Characterization of pH-Dependent Cellulose Acetate Phthalate Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technique

The aim of this work was to obtain pH-dependent nanofibers with an electrospinning technique as a novel controlled release system for the treatment of periodontal disease (PD). Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) was selected as a pH-sensitive and antimicrobial polymer. The NF was optimized according to polymeric dispersion variables, polymer, and drug concentration, and characterized considering morphology, diameter, entrapment efficiency (EE), process efficiency (PE), thermal properties, and release profiles. Two solvent mixtures were tested, and CHX-CAP-NF prepared with acetone/ethanol at 12% w/v of the polymer showed a diameter size of 934 nm, a uniform morphology with 42% of EE, and 55% of PE. Meanwhile, CHX-CAP-NF prepared with acetone/methanol at 11% w/v of polymer had a diameter of 257 nm, discontinuous nanofiber morphology with 32% of EE, and 40% of PE. EE and PE were dependent on the polymer concentration and the drug used in the formulation. Studies of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the drug was dispersed in the NF matrix. The release profiles of CHX from CHX-CAP-NF followed Fickian diffusion dependent on time (t0.43−0.45), suggesting a diffusion–erosion process and a matrix behavior. The NF developed could be employed as a novel drug delivery system in PD

Pretreatment tissue TCR repertoire evenness is associated with complete pathologic response in patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy

Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Comunidad de Madrid. Consejería de Ciencia, Universidades e Innovación (PEJD-2019-PRE/BMD-17006).Purpose: Characterization of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire may be a promising source for predictive biomarkers of pathologic response to immunotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Experimental Design: In this study, next-generation TCR sequencing was performed in peripheral blood and tissue samples of 40 patients with NSCLC, before and after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NADIM clinical trial, NCT03081689), considering their complete pathologic response (CPR) or non-CPR. Beyond TCR metrics, tissue clones were ranked by their frequency and spatiotemporal evolution of top 1% clones was determined. Results: We have found a positive association between an uneven TCR repertoire in tissue samples at diagnosis and CPR at surgery. Moreover, TCR most frequently ranked clones (top 1%) present in diagnostic biopsies occupied greater frequency in the total clonal space of CPR patients, achieving an AUC ROC to identify CPR patients of 0.967 (95% confidence interval, 0.897-1.000; P ¼ 0.001), and improving the results of PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS; AUC = 0.767; P = 0.026) or tumor mutational burden (TMB; AUC = 0.550; P = 0.687). Furthermore, tumors with high pretreatment top 1% clonal space showed similar immune cell populations but a higher immune reactive gene expression profile. Finally, the selective expansion of pretreatment tissue top 1% clones in peripheral blood of CPR patients suggests also a peripheral immunosurveillance, which could explain the high survival rate of these patients. Conclusions: We have identified two parameters derived from TCR repertoire analysis that could outperform PD-L1 TPS and TMB as predictive biomarkers of CPR after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy, and unraveled possible mechanisms of CPR involving enhanced tumor immunogenicity and peripheral immunosurveillance

Academic domains as political battlegrounds : A global enquiry by 99 academics in the fields of education and technology

Academic cognition and intelligence are ‘socially distributed’; instead of dwelling inside the single mind of an individual academic or a few academics, they are spread throughout the different minds of all academics. In this article, some mechanisms have been developed that systematically bring together these fragmented pieces of cognition and intelligence. These mechanisms jointly form a new authoring method called ‘crowd-authoring’, enabling an international crowd of academics to co-author a manuscript in an organized way. The article discusses this method, addressing the following question: What are the main mechanisms needed for a large collection of academics to collaborate on the authorship of an article? This question is addressed through a developmental endeavour wherein 101 academics of educational technology from around the world worked together in three rounds by email to compose a short article. Based on this endeavour, four mechanisms have been developed: a) a mechanism for finding a crowd of scholars; b) a mechanism for managing this crowd; c) a mechanism for analyzing the input of this crowd; and d) a scenario for software that helps automate the process of crowd-authoring. The recommendation is that crowd-authoring ought to win the attention of academic communities and funding agencies, because, given the well-connected nature of the contemporary age, the widely and commonly distributed status of academic intelligence and the increasing value of collective and democratic participation, large-scale multi-authored publications are the way forward for academic fields and wider academia in the 21st century.peerReviewe